Intrinsic Hand Muscles of the Japanese Monkey, &lt;i&gt;Macaca fuscata&lt;/i&gt;

Homma, Toshihiko; Sakai, Tatsuo

doi:10.1537/ase.102.supplement_85

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…As for innervation patterns, we only found minor differences across the nonhuman primate species, which corresponds to observations in other nonhuman primates (Diogo et al, 2009, 2012; Hepburn, 1891; Homma & Sakai, 1994; Koizumi & Sakai, 1995). Previous studies reported that in gorillas, chimpanzees, and gibbons, distinct branches of communication can exist between the n. medianus and n. ulnaris in the forearm (Hepburn, 1891).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Branching patterns of the vascularization and innervation of the primate forelimb

Vanhoof

Wagemans

Leeuwen

et al. 2022

Journal of Morphology

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In this study, we investigate the branching patterns of the vascularization and innervation of the primate forelimb by performing detailed dissections of five unembalmed nonhuman primate specimens belonging to five different species, that is, rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta), white-handed gibbon (Hylobates lar), Western gorilla (Gorilla gorilla), chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), and bonobo (Pan paniscus).Results are compared with five embalmed human specimens (Homo sapiens), and anatomical data of previous studies on nonhuman primates are also included to provide a broader comparative framework. The results show that the overall configuration of the forelimb blood vessels and nerves of the different primate species is similar, although some apparent interspecific differences are found. In all nonhuman primates, in contrast to humans, the superficial vena basilica is absent.Moreover, in gorilla, chimpanzee, and bonobo, the superficial vena cephalica is confined to the forearm. In humans, both an arteria interossea anterior and posterior are present, while in nonhuman primates, only an arteria interossea anterior is present, which migrates to the posterior side at the level of the musculus pronator quadratus. For the innervation, the nervus (n.) medianus and n. ulnaris connect in the forearm of the gorilla and macaque. In the gibbon, the brachial plexus shows some differences in the branching pattern at the fasciculus level compared to the other primates. We conclude that the forelimb innervation branching pattern shows some minor differences between the nonhuman primate species, compared to higher plasticity in the vascularization. However, the exact functional implications of these differences still remain unclear. Therefore, more research on a broader range of primate species and sampling more specimens for each taxon are needed.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Branching patterns of the vascularization and innervation of the primate forelimb

Vanhoof

Wagemans

Leeuwen

et al. 2022

Journal of Morphology

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“…Four specimens have a C2 inserting onto the ulnar side of the MCP2 joint (4/8) ( Figure 6b) and three specimens have a C4 and C5 inserting onto the ulnar side of the MCP3 and MCP4 joints, respectively (3/8). In the literature, however, the insertion of C4 and C5 has been described onto the radial side of the MCP3 and MCP4 joint in gibbons (one H. lar: Yamamoto, Murakami and Ohtsuka, 1988), macaques (two macaques: Yamamoto, Murakami and Ohtsuka, 1988) and three Japanese monkeys (Homma and Sakai, 1994). In one gibbon specimen, an additional muscle distinct from the contrahens muscles described above is present.…”

Section: Intrinsic Hand Musculaturementioning

confidence: 96%

The forearm and hand musculature of semi‐terrestrial rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) and arboreal gibbons (Fam. Hylobatidae). Part I. Description and comparison of the muscle configuration

2020

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Primates live in very diverse environments and, as a consequence, show an equally diverse locomotor behaviour. During locomotion, the primate hand interacts with the superstrate and/or substrate and will therefore probably show adaptive signals linked with this locomotor behaviour. Whereas the morphology of the forearm and hand bones have been studied extensively, the functional adaptations in the hand musculature have been documented only scarcely. To evaluate whether there are potential adaptations in forelimb musculature to locomotor behaviour, we investigated the forearm and hand musculature of the highly arboreal gibbons (including Hylobates lar, Hylobates pileatus, Nomascus leucogenys, Nomascus concolor, Symphalangus syndactylus) and compared this with the musculature of the semi‐terrestrial rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) by performing complete and detailed dissections on a sample of 15 unembalmed specimens. We found that the overall configuration of the upper arm and hand musculature is highly comparable between arboreal gibbons and semi‐terrestrial macaques, and follows the general primate condition. Most of the identified differences in muscle configuration are located in the forearm. In macaques, a prominent m. epitrochleoanconeus is present, which potentially helps to extend the forearm and/or stabilize the elbow joint during quadrupedal walking. The m. flexor carpi radialis shows a more radial insertion in gibbons, which might be advantageous during brachiation, as it can aid radial deviation. The fingers of macaques are controlled in pairs by the m. extensor digiti secondi et tertii proprius and the m. extensor digiti quarti et quinti proprius—a similar organization can also be found in their flexors—which might aid in efficient positioning of the hand and fingers on uneven substrates during quadrupedal walking. In contrast, extension of the little finger in gibbons is controlled by a separate m. extensor digiti minimi, whereas digits 2 to 4 are extended by the m. extensor digitorum brevis, suggesting that simultaneous extension of digits 2–4 in gibbons might be important when reaching or grasping an overhead support during brachiation. In conclusion, the overall configuration of the forelimb and hand musculature is very similar in gibbons and macaques, with some peculiarities which can be linked to differences in forelimb function and which might be related to the specific locomotor behaviour of each group.

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Muscle dimensions in the Japanese macaque hand

Ogihara

Oishi

2012

Primates

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Macaques have been used as an important paradigm for understanding the neural control mechanisms of human precision grip capabilities. Therefore, we dissected the forearms and hands of two male Japanese macaques to systematically record the muscle mass, fascicle length and physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA). Comparisons of the mass fractions and PCSA fractions of the hand musculature among the Japanese macaque, chimpanzee, and human demonstrated that the sizes of the thenar and hypothenar eminence muscle groups are more balanced in the macaque and chimpanzee, but those of the thenar eminence group are much larger in the human, indicating that the capacity to generate force at the tip of the thumb is more restricted in macaques, despite their high manual dexterity. In the macaque, however, the extrinsic flexor muscles are much larger, possibly to facilitate weight bearing by the forelimbs in pronograde quadrupedal locomotion and forceful grasping of arboreal supports in gap-crossing movements such as leaping. Taking such anatomical differences imposed on the hand musculoskeletal system into consideration seems to be an important method of clarifying the mechanisms of precision grip in macaques.

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Intrinsic Hand Muscles of the Japanese Monkey, <i>Macaca fuscata</i>

Cited by 3 publications

References 12 publications

Branching patterns of the vascularization and innervation of the primate forelimb

Branching patterns of the vascularization and innervation of the primate forelimb

The forearm and hand musculature of semi‐terrestrial rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) and arboreal gibbons (Fam. Hylobatidae). Part I. Description and comparison of the muscle configuration

Muscle dimensions in the Japanese macaque hand

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