Introducing Graphene–Indium Oxide Electrochemical Sensor for Detecting Ethanol in Aqueous Samples with CCD-RSM Optimization

Abstract

There is significant demand for portable sensors that can deliver selective and sensitive measurement of ethanol on-site. Such sensors have application across many industries, including clinical and forensic work as well as agricultural and environmental analysis. Here, we report a new graphene–indium oxide electrochemical sensor for the determination of ethanol in aqueous samples. Graphene layers were functionalised by anchoring In2O3 to its surface and the developed composite was used as a selective electrochemical sensor for sensing ethanol through cyclic voltammetry. The detection limit of the sensor was 0.068 mol/L and it showed a linear response to increasing ethanol in the environment up to 1.2 mol/L. The most significant parameters involved and their interactions in the response of the sensor and optimization procedures were studied using a four-factor central composite design (CCD) combined with response surface modelling (RSM). The sensor was applied in the detection of ethanol in authentic samples.

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Highly selective detection of ethanol in biological fluids and alcoholic drinks using indium ethylenediamine functionalized graphene

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“…Indium based nanoparticles generate a relatively high surface area which is highly preferred for sensors and lets the sensor interact with the environment much more than bulk materials. 2,13 The applications and mechanism of ethanol gas sensing (in the form of volatile gases) for indium based compounds, such as indium oxide (In 2 O 3 ) 14 and nitrogen doped indium oxide (N-In 2 O 3 ) 15 has been studied very recently, yet again most of those sensors rely on measuring changes in resistance of the gas, and not measurement of ethanol in aqueous samples. 1 While it was expected that different products could have developed from the interaction between indium salts and amines, from possibility of aminolysis and formation of In 2 O 3 (ref.…”

“…2D graphene with its honeycomb lattice structure and free π–π electrons not only possesses unique physicochemical properties such as high mechanical strength and flexibility, large surface area, thermal stability, and high conductivity, but also offers wide potential and a variety of applications in different fields. 1,2…”