Introducing standardized protocols for anthropological measurement of virtual subadult crania using computed tomography

Lottering, Nicolene; MacGregor, Donna M.; Barry, Mark; Reynolds, Mikaela S.; Gregory, Laura S.

doi:10.1016/j.jofri.2013.11.005

Cited by 26 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Virtual Model F (2D MPR) had particularly high maximum differences (9.6 mm) for cranium data, indicating that obtaining measurements from a 2D method is less reliable than measuring from a 3D model for large complex structures. This concurs with previous work that found 3D models to be superior for visualizing morphological features (48) and citing the 2D image distortion issues previously mentioned.…”

Section: Accuracysupporting

confidence: 92%

A Preliminary Investigation into the Accuracy of 3D Modeling and 3D Printing in Forensic Anthropology Evidence Reconstruction,

Carew

Morgan

Rando

2018

Journal of Forensic Sciences

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There is currently no published empirical evidence‐base demonstrating 3D printing to be an accurate and reliable tool in forensic anthropology, despite 3D printed replicas being exhibited as demonstrative evidence in court. In this study, human bones (n = 3) scanned using computed tomography were reconstructed as virtual 3D models (n = 6), and 3D printed using six commercially available printers, with osteometric data recorded at each stage. Virtual models and 3D prints were on average accurate to the source bones, with mean differences from −0.4 to 1.2 mm (−0.4% to 12.0%). Interobserver differences ranged from −5.1 to 0.7 mm (−5.3% to 0.7%). Reconstruction and modeling parameters influenced accuracy, and prints produced using selective laser sintering (SLS) were most consistently accurate. This preliminary investigation into virtual modeling and 3D printer capability provides a novel insight into the accuracy of 3D printing osteological samples and begins to establish an evidence‐base for validating 3D printed bones as demonstrative evidence.

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Section: Accuracysupporting

confidence: 92%

A Preliminary Investigation into the Accuracy of 3D Modeling and 3D Printing in Forensic Anthropology Evidence Reconstruction,

Carew

Morgan

Rando

2018

Journal of Forensic Sciences

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“…In consideration of possible error attributed to current forensic standards due to secular change and population variation, this study provides a comprehensive summary of the union of select primary ossification centers of the cranium and accompanying cervical vertebrae (atlas and axis) of modern Australian individuals using a modified multislice computed tomography (MSCT) scoring system for forensic and clinical application. Consistent with the recommendation by Schulz et al (23) that age estimates based on MSCT scans should refer to CT-specific standards only, this study provides recalibrated age standards for forensic application, where postmortem MSCT scanning constitutes standard operating procedure prior to autopsy in Queensland (24). Clinically, the proposed maturation standards may be utilized for the assessment of normal growth and development of Queensland children, with significant deviation from reported standards being a diagnostic indicator of malnutrition, bone metabolic disease and pathology, poor living conditions, and/or genetic abnormalities.…”

supporting

confidence: 70%

Introducing Computed Tomography Standards for Age Estimation of Modern Australian Subadults Using Postnatal Ossification Timings of Select Cranial and Cervical Sites^,

Lottering

MacGregor

Alston

et al. 2015

Journal of Forensic Sciences

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Contemporary, population-specific ossification timings of the cranium are lacking in current literature due to challenges in obtaining large repositories of documented subadult material, forcing Australian practitioners to rely on North American, arguably antiquated reference standards for age estimation. This study assessed the temporal pattern of ossification of the cranium and provides recalibrated probabilistic information for age estimation of modern Australian children. Fusion status of the occipital and frontal bones, atlas, and axis was scored using a modified two- to four-tier system from cranial/cervical DICOM datasets of 585 children aged birth to 10 years. Transition analysis was applied to elucidate maximum-likelihood estimates between consecutive fusion stages, in conjunction with Bayesian statistics to calculate credible intervals for age estimation. Results demonstrate significant sex differences in skeletal maturation (p < 0.05) and earlier timings in comparison with major literary sources, underscoring the requisite of updated standards for age estimation of modern individuals.

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“…The study sample consisted of high resolution multislice computed tomography (MSCT) scans of multiracial Queensland individuals aged birth to 20 years (448 males, 416 females) obtained from "The Skeletal Biology and Forensic Anthropology Virtual Osteological Research Database" (Lottering et al, 2014). The sample age range was selected based on previous literature reports using MSCT in Australian children, demonstrating complete fusion of the spheno-occipital synchondrosis over the age of 17 years of age in Victorian individuals (Bassed et al, 2010) and 17.9 years and 15.5 years in Western Australian males and females, respectively (Franklin and Flavel, 2014).…”

Section: Samplementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Each plane can be translated and rotated within the 3D image volume to provide a cross-sectional view at any desired location along the adjusted principal axes. For consistency, DICOM data was viewed with a bone algorithm at a window level of 350 HU and width of 2,700 HU and consistent with standardized protocols employed by our laboratory (Lottering et al, 2014), a Gantry Tilt Correction (630 ) was applied to data sets obtained from RCH, to normalize slice angle. The axes corresponding to the axial and coronal anatomical planes were realigned to standardize the position and orientation of the cranium to assess the degree of fusion in the sagittal plane.…”

Section: Ossification Scoringmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ontogeny of the spheno‐occipital synchondrosis in a modern Queensland, Australian population using computed tomography

Lottering

MacGregor

Alston

et al. 2014

American J Phys Anthropol

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Due to disparity regarding the age at which skeletal maturation of the spheno-occipital synchondrosis occurs in forensic and biological literature, this study provides recalibrated multislice computed tomography (MSCT) age standards for the Australian (Queensland) population, using a Bayesian statistical approach. The sample comprises retrospective cranial/cervical MSCT scans obtained from 448 males and 416 females aged birth to 20 years from the Skeletal Biology and Forensic Anthropology Research Osteological Database. Fusion status of the synchondrosis was scored using a modified six-stage scoring tier on an MSCT platform, with negligible observer error (κ = 0.911 ± 0.04, intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.994). Bayesian transition analysis indicates that females are most likely to transition to complete fusion at 13.1 years and males at 15.6 years. Posterior densities were derived for each morphological stage, with complete fusion of the synchondrosis attained in all Queensland males over 16.3 years of age and females aged 13.8 years and older. The results demonstrate significant sexual dimorphism in synchondrosis fusion and are suggestive of intrapopulation variation between major geographic regions in Australia. This study contributes to the growing repository of contemporary anthropological standards calibrated for the Queensland milieu to improve the efficacy of the coronial process for medicolegal death investigation. As a stand-alone age indicator, the basicranial synchondrosis may be consulted as an exclusion criterion when determining the age of majority that constitutes 17 years in Queensland forensic practice.

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Introducing standardized protocols for anthropological measurement of virtual subadult crania using computed tomography

Cited by 26 publications

References 22 publications

A Preliminary Investigation into the Accuracy of 3D Modeling and 3D Printing in Forensic Anthropology Evidence Reconstruction,

A Preliminary Investigation into the Accuracy of 3D Modeling and 3D Printing in Forensic Anthropology Evidence Reconstruction,

Introducing Computed Tomography Standards for Age Estimation of Modern Australian Subadults Using Postnatal Ossification Timings of Select Cranial and Cervical Sites^,

Ontogeny of the spheno‐occipital synchondrosis in a modern Queensland, Australian population using computed tomography

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Introducing standardized protocols for anthropological measurement of virtual subadult crania using computed tomography

Cited by 26 publications

References 22 publications

A Preliminary Investigation into the Accuracy of 3D Modeling and 3D Printing in Forensic Anthropology Evidence Reconstruction,

A Preliminary Investigation into the Accuracy of 3D Modeling and 3D Printing in Forensic Anthropology Evidence Reconstruction,

Introducing Computed Tomography Standards for Age Estimation of Modern Australian Subadults Using Postnatal Ossification Timings of Select Cranial and Cervical Sites,

Ontogeny of the spheno‐occipital synchondrosis in a modern Queensland, Australian population using computed tomography

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Product

Resources

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Introducing Computed Tomography Standards for Age Estimation of Modern Australian Subadults Using Postnatal Ossification Timings of Select Cranial and Cervical Sites^,