Introducing the UCDP Peacemakers at Risk dataset, sub-Saharan Africa, 1989–2009

Bromley, Sara Lindberg

doi:10.1177/0022343317735882

Cited by 24 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…The UCDP Peacemakers at Risk (PAR) dataset, meanwhile, includes data that goes beyond what is provided by the UN. Consisting of georeferenced events data from Africa, PAR includes not only data on peacekeeper fatalities, but also information on injuries and kidnapping (Lindberg Bromley, 2018). Such efforts have mitigated key empirical barriers to conducting research on peacekeeping deaths.…”

Section: Peacekeeper Fatalitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In some studies, it is assumed that peacekeeper deaths lead states to reduce the magnitude of their contributions (e.g. Lindberg Bromley, 2018; Salverda, 2013). However, there has been no effort to explicitly theorize why peacekeeper fatalities would cause countries to withdraw personnel, nor has there been any systematic analysis of whether such behavior is actually observed in practice.…”

Section: Peacekeeper Fatalitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Peacekeeper Fatalities and Force Commitments to UN Operations

Levin

2019

Conflict Management and Peace Science

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To what extent do peacekeeper fatalities affect states’ contributions to UN operations? While the deaths of peacekeepers are thought to be a factor in states’ decisions to reduce the magnitude of their participation in a mission, not all states respond similarly to peacekeeper fatalities. I hypothesize that democracies and wealthy countries are likely to be more sensitive to peacekeeper deaths than their non-democratic and poorer counterparts. Analyses of UN peacekeeping operations between 1990 and 2011 confirm that peacekeeper fatalities generally have a negative effect upon the size of countries’ contributions to peacekeeping operations, and that wealthy countries are likely to make larger decreases to their contributions than poorer countries. There is less evidence, however, that democracies are more sensitive to peacekeeper fatalities than non-democracies.

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Section: Peacekeeper Fatalitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Peacekeeper Fatalitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Peacekeeper Fatalities and Force Commitments to UN Operations

Levin

2019

Conflict Management and Peace Science

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“…In the Supplemental Appendix (A7), we show that it is indeed the case that strong rebel groups are significantly more likely to attack peacekeepers than weak groups. Unfortunately, the temporal and spatial coverage of the Peacemakers at Risk dataset (Lindberg Bromley, 2018) results in many missing observations, which is why we do not delve further into this argument. However, we stress that this is additional evidence in favour of our expectation that, depending on their strength relative to incumbents, rebel groups will adapt and react differently to UN PKOs deployment by varying their repertoires of violence.…”

Section: Discussion Of Statistical Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Do UN peace operations lead to more terrorism? Repertoires of rebel violence and third-party interventions

Salvatore

Polo

Ruggeri

2022

European Journal of International Relations

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Recent research suggests that UN peacekeeping operations (PKOs) reduce conventional violence. However, rebel groups have been increasingly using a combination of conventional and non-conventional violence, for example, terrorism. Little is known about whether and under which conditions PKOs shape rebels’ incentives to resort to more terrorism. At the same time, existing research on the use of terrorism in civil wars primarily focuses on domestic factors, thus overlooking the impact of external shocks such as the deployment of PKOs. We argue that PKOs can have critical unintended consequences inducing tactical adaptation in rebel violence as they alter the government-rebels balance of power. Particularly, rebel groups that are militarily strong prior to the UN arrival are incentivized to escalate terrorist violence to overcome the physical barrier imposed by PKO forces and improve their bargaining position vis-à-vis the government. Weaker groups, which in the absence of PKOs are more likely to use terrorism, have not only limited capacity but also fewer incentives to escalate terrorism when PKOs deploy. Leveraging new disaggregated data on rebel terrorist attacks during civil wars, we provide the first global actor-level analysis of the relationship between PKO deployments and changes in rebels’ tactical preferences for terrorist violence. We find that, conditional on initial government-rebels power relations, PKOs can make terrorism the weapon of the strong. Our study sheds light on the unintended effects of peacekeeping, the causes of terrorism, and offers important policy implications for several current PKOs deployed in the midst of violence.

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“…1 We focus on Africa, which is the region that has hosted most peacekeeping missions in this time period. This is also a region for which geo-coded data on other aspects of peacekeeping operations are available, for example the Peacemakers at Risk (PAR) dataset on violence involving peacekeepers (Lindberg Bromley, 2018). Our data are based on information from UN deployment maps.…”

Section: Presenting the Datasetmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mapping blue helmets: Introducing the Geocoded Peacekeeping Operations (Geo-PKO) dataset

Cil

Fjelde

Hultman

et al. 2019

Journal of Peace Research

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In this article, we introduce the Geocoded Peacekeeping Operations (Geo-PKO) dataset, which presents new data on subnational peacekeeping deployment for all UN missions to Africa, 1994–2014. The Geo-PKO dataset is the most comprehensive dataset of its kind and enables scholars to address new questions about peacekeeping operations and their effects by exploring variations in peacekeeping at the subnational level. The dataset offers information on several key features of peacekeeping deployment at the local level, such as data on the size of deployments and how these vary over time, as well as information on the location of mission headquarters, the type of peacekeepers deployed, and which troop-contributing countries deploy to each location. This article describes the data collection process and illustrates some of the many utilities of this dataset for the scholarly community. For example, we show that peacekeeping troops are able to reduce battle-related violence in areas with high road density, suggesting that peacekeepers’ ability to project their power is stronger when they can increase their reach and more easily patrol larger territories. Hence, our data can fruitfully be combined with information such as socio-economic, geographical or demographic characteristics, to further explore how peacekeeping operations can contribute to peace and security in the areas where they operate. By providing fine-grained data on the location of peacekeepers across time and space, the Geo-PKO dataset should help facilitate important inquires that can push the research agenda on peacekeeping forward.

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Introducing the UCDP Peacemakers at Risk dataset, sub-Saharan Africa, 1989–2009

Cited by 24 publications

References 26 publications

Peacekeeper Fatalities and Force Commitments to UN Operations

Peacekeeper Fatalities and Force Commitments to UN Operations

Do UN peace operations lead to more terrorism? Repertoires of rebel violence and third-party interventions

Mapping blue helmets: Introducing the Geocoded Peacekeeping Operations (Geo-PKO) dataset

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