Introduction

Satô, Akiko; Sato, Yuko; Schmidt, Robert F.

doi:10.1007/bfb0046598

Cited by 149 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 556 publications

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“…However, some caution is necessary for applying the present findings to conscious humans, since the present study was conducted under anesthesia. Anesthesia use is advantageous: (1) to eliminate emotional factors, which may be affected by somatosensory stimulation (Sato et al, 1997), leading to cardiovascular function changes; and (2) to minimize movement artifact, which is critical for imaging experiments. Additionally, due to lowered blood-brain barrier permeability under anesthesia (Chi et al, 1992), the action site of the administered drug may be more limited.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vascular Gap Junctions Contribute to Forepaw Stimulation-Induced Vasodilation Differentially in the Pial and Penetrating Arteries in Isoflurane-Anesthetized Rats

Watanabe

Sasaki

Masamoto

et al. 2018

Front. Mol. Neurosci.

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Somatosensory stimulation causes dilation of the pial and penetrating arteries and an increase in cerebral blood flow (CBF) in the representative region of the somatosensory cortex. As an underlying mechanism for such stimulation-induced increases in CBF, cerebral artery dilation has been thought to propagate in the vascular endothelium from the parenchyma to the brain surface. Vascular gap junctions may propagate vasodilation. However, the contribution of vascular gap junctions to cerebrovascular regulation induced by somatosensory stimulation is largely unknown. The aim of the present study was to investigate the contribution of vascular gap junctions to the regulation of the pial and penetrating arteries during neuronal activity attributed to somatosensory stimulation. Experiments were performed on male Wistar rats (age: 7–10 weeks) with artificial ventilation under isoflurane anesthesia. For somatosensory stimulation, the left forepaw was electrically stimulated (1.5 mA, 0.5 ms and 10 Hz, for 5 s). The artery in the forelimb area of the right somatosensory cortex was imaged through a cranial window using a two-photon microscope and the diameter was measured. Carbenoxolone (CBX) was intravenously (i.v.) administered, at a dose of 100 mg/kg, to block vascular gap junctions. The forepaw electrical stimulation increased the diameter of the pial and penetrating arteries by 7.0% and 5.0% of the pre-stimulus diameter, respectively, without changing the arterial pressure. After CBX administration, the change in pial artery diameter during forepaw stimulation was attenuated to 3.2%. However, changes in the penetrating artery were not significantly affected. CBF was measured using a laser speckle flowmeter, together with somatosensory-evoked potential (SEP) recorded in the somatosensory cortex. The extent of CBF increase (by 24.1% of the pre-stimulus level) and amplitude of SEP were not affected by CBX administration. The present results suggest that vascular gap junctions, possibly on the endothelium, contribute to pial artery dilation during neuronal activity induced by somatosensory stimulation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vascular Gap Junctions Contribute to Forepaw Stimulation-Induced Vasodilation Differentially in the Pial and Penetrating Arteries in Isoflurane-Anesthetized Rats

Watanabe

Sasaki

Masamoto

et al. 2018

Front. Mol. Neurosci.

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“…Endocrine functions are not exceptional. These include catecholamine secretion from the adrenal medulla and estradiol secretion from the ovary, leading to changes depending on the efferent activity of the sympathetic adrenal or ovarian branches, respectively [1–3]. The thyroid gland, a large endocrine organ attached to the larynx and the upper part of the trachea, receives innervation from sympathetic and parasympathetic thyroid branches derived from the cervical sympathetic trunks (CSTs) and the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN), respectively [4, 5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The hormonal secretions from the aforementioned adrenal medulla and the ovary were shown to be regulated reflexively by natural somatosensory stimuli via changes in autonomic nerve activity [1, 10–14]. In anesthetized rats, the innocuous mechanical stimulation of the skin produces a reflex decrease in adrenal sympathetic efferent nerve activity, leading to a decrease in catecholamine secretion from the adrenal medulla [1, 10]. On the other hand, the nociceptive mechanical stimulation of the skin produces a reflex increase in ovarian sympathetic nerve activity, leading to a decrease in estradiol secretion from the ovary [13, 14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the other hand, the nociceptive mechanical stimulation of the skin produces a reflex increase in ovarian sympathetic nerve activity, leading to a decrease in estradiol secretion from the ovary [13, 14]. In this manner, natural somatosensory stimuli can influence various autonomic functions as specific reflex responses, even after emotional factors are eliminated by anesthesia [1]. Therefore, we can predict that the thyroid function may be regulated by specific natural sensory stimuli conducted to the brain via SLN afferents, due to a reflex change in thyroid parasympathetic efferent nerve activity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Thyroxin and calcitonin secretion into thyroid venous blood is regulated by pharyngeal mechanical stimulation in anesthetized rats

2019

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The effects of the pharyngeal non-noxious mechanical stimulation on the secretion of immunoreactive thyroxin (iT4), immunoreactive calcitonin (iCT), and immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (iPTH) into thyroid venous blood were examined in anesthetized rats. Secretion rates of iT4, iCT, and iPTH were calculated from their concentration in thyroid venous plasma and the plasma flow rate. A mechanical stimulation was delivered to the pharynx by a rubber balloon placed on the tongue that was intermittently pushed into the pharyngeal cavity. Pharyngeal stimulation increased iT4 and iCT secretion, but iPTH secretion was unchanged. The secretion responses were abolished by transecting the superior laryngeal nerves (SLNs) bilaterally. The activities of the thyroid parasympathetic efferent nerves and the afferent nerves in the SLN increased significantly during pharyngeal stimulation. These results indicate that pharyngeal mechanical stimulation promotes thyroxin and calcitonin secretion from the thyroid gland by a reflex increase in SLN parasympathetic efferent activity, triggered by excitation of SLN mechanoreceptive afferents.

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Neural Mechanisms Involved in the Noxious Physical Stress‐Induced Inhibition of Ovarian Estradiol Secretion

Uchida

Kagitani

2019

The Anatomical Record

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Stress is known to change the secretion of ovarian steroid hormones via the hypothalamic–pituitary–ovarian (HPO) axis. Noxious physical stress can cause reflex responses in visceral function via autonomic nerves. This article reviews our recent animal studies on neural mechanisms involved in ovarian estradiol secretion induced by noxious physical stress stimulation. In anesthetized rats, noxious physical stress (pinching the hindpaw or electrical stimulation of the tibial nerve) decreased ovarian estradiol secretion. These noxious stress‐induced ovarian hormonal responses were observed after decerebration but were abolished after spinal transection. Electrical stimulation of the ovarian sympathetic nerves (superior ovarian nerves: SON) decreased ovarian estradiol secretion. The reduced secretion of ovarian estradiol induced by hindpaw pinching was abolished by bilateral severance of the SON. Efferent activity of the SON was increased following hindpaw pinching. Thus, the inhibition of ovarian estradiol secretion during noxious physical stress was mainly integrated in the brainstem, and this inhibitory response was due to reflex activation of sympathetic nerves to the ovary. In rats, the sympathetic inhibitory regulation of ovarian estradiol secretion was pronounced when the HPO axis was inhibited by chronic estradiol treatment. Considering the female life cycle, extensive physical stress may inhibit ovarian function, especially before puberty and during old ages when the HPO axis is inactive. Anat Rec, 302:904–911, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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Introduction

Cited by 149 publications

References 556 publications

Vascular Gap Junctions Contribute to Forepaw Stimulation-Induced Vasodilation Differentially in the Pial and Penetrating Arteries in Isoflurane-Anesthetized Rats

Vascular Gap Junctions Contribute to Forepaw Stimulation-Induced Vasodilation Differentially in the Pial and Penetrating Arteries in Isoflurane-Anesthetized Rats

Thyroxin and calcitonin secretion into thyroid venous blood is regulated by pharyngeal mechanical stimulation in anesthetized rats

Neural Mechanisms Involved in the Noxious Physical Stress‐Induced Inhibition of Ovarian Estradiol Secretion

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