Introduction

Abstract

Anaerobic bacteria are a significant component of the normal microbiota of the human host. There are anaerobes present on most body surfaces and mucous membranes; they exist in large numbers throughout the entire gastrointestinal tract, from the mouth to the colon; and they are found in large numbers in the female genitourinary tract. Anaerobic bacteria can cause a wide variety of infections, including wound infections as a result of trauma or surgery; abscesses of the liver, brain, lung, and other local sites; appendicitis; peritonitis; chronic otitis media and sinusitis; endophthalmitis; bacteremia; endocarditis; myonecrosis; gas gangrene; and dental and oral infections. This chapter discusses resurgence of Lemierre's syndrome and the increased association of newly named and emerging anaerobes with many types of infections. It describes acceptable specimen collection, transport, and inoculation for anaerobe recovery. The chapter provides situational examples outlining the extent to which anaerobe work‐up should be followed.