Introduction

Graham-Jones, Jasper; Summerscales, John

doi:10.1016/b978-1-78242-250-1.00001-6

Cited by 12 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…In addition to the polymeric matrix, different types of additives, extenders and pigments are present in the formulation and require to be well dispersed in the matrix in order to exploit their functions [ 12 , 13 ]. The most common additives are rheological modifiers, antifoams and dispersing agents [ 5 , 12 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 ]. Rheological additives act on the viscosity of the samples, allowing to increase or reduce their tendency to flow and avoid the sagging phenomenon during the application step (i.e., thixotropic recovery), whereas anti-foams are used to obviate the formation of foams during the dispersion of extenders in the matrix phase [ 18 , 19 , 20 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rheological, Mechanical and Morphological Characterization of Fillers in the Nautical Field: The Role of Dispersing Agents on Composite Materials

Vita

Ricotti²,

Dodero

et al. 2020

Polymers

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Coatings have a fundamental role in covering the external surface of yachts by acting both as protective and aesthetic layers. In particular, fillers represent the essential layer from the point of view of mechanical properties and consist of a polymeric matrix, different extenders and additives, and dispersing agents, with the latter having the role to provide good extender-matrix compatibility. In the present work, the effects of dispersing agents with an ionic or steric action on the interactions between hollow glass microspheres and an epoxy-polyamide resin are evaluated. Un-crosslinked filler materials are studied via rheological tests, whereas the mechanical and morphological properties of the crosslinked samples are assessed. The results clearly indicate that steric dispersing agents provide a much greater compatibility effect compared to ionic ones, owing to their steric hindrance capability, thus leading to better-performing filler materials with a less-marked Payne effect, which is here proved to be an efficient tool to provide information concerning the extent of component interactions in nautical fillers. To the best of our knowledge, this work represents the first attempt to deeply understand the role of dispersing agents, which are until now empirically used in the preparation of fillers.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rheological, Mechanical and Morphological Characterization of Fillers in the Nautical Field: The Role of Dispersing Agents on Composite Materials

Vita

Ricotti²,

Dodero

et al. 2020

Polymers

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“…27–31 It has been suggested that the complex relationship between hydrostatic pressure and moisture absorption can be explained by the competing mechanisms of increasing compressive strain reducing the free volume, and hence space, for water to enter the composite and the increasing chemical potential acting as a driving force for greater water absorption. 32,33…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of microstructural defects and hydrostatic pressure on water absorption in composite materials for tidal energy

Flanagan

Walls

Leen

et al. 2018

Journal of Composite Materials

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The lifespan and economic viability of tidal energy devices are constrained, in part, by the complex degradation of the tidal turbine blade materials due to prolonged immersion in a hostile sub-sea environment. Seawater penetration is a significant degradation mechanism in composite materials. This work aims to investigate the influence of microstructure and hydrostatic pressure on water absorption in four polymer composites which are candidate materials for use in tidal energy devices. These materials are: a Glass Fibre (GF) powder epoxy, a Carbon Fibre (CF) powder epoxy, GF Ampreg epoxy and a chopped fibre GF Polyether Ether Ketone (PEEK). X-ray CT (computed tomography) is used to characterise the voids, resin-rich areas and other manufacturing defects present in each material. These defects are known to significantly alter the rate of moisture diffusion, as well as the total uptake of water at saturation. The samples are then exposed to accelerated water aging and hydrostatic pressurisation in order to simulate a range of expected sub-sea operating conditions. The 2 material micro-structure, the matrix material and pressurisation level are shown to strongly influence both the moisture absorption rate and total water uptake. Significant volumetric changes are also noted for all samples, both during and after aging. X-ray CT scans of specimens also provide a unique insight into the role of voids in storing water once a material has reached saturation.

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“…As represented with SEM images, when the composite structure is immersed in water, the moisture is first absorbed into the material cavities, then it creates an osmotic cell in the cavity, causing more water to be drawn into the cavities to dilute it. 59 Therefore, as a result of the increasing internal pressure in the cavity, local damage as delamination occurs. We confidently believe that the improved fracture toughness values obtained from HNTs reinforced hybrid samples are mainly due to the fact that nanoparticles with specific 1D morphologies act as barriers and lead to a progressive and longer pathway during the diffusion of water molecules.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Halloysite nanotube reinforcement endows ameliorated fracture resistance of seawater aged basalt/epoxy composites

Ulus

Kaybal

Eskizeybek

et al. 2020

Journal of Composite Materials

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Seawater aging-dominated delamination failure is a critical design parameter for marine composites. Modification of matrix with nanosized reinforcements of fiber-reinforced polymer composites comes forward as an effective way to improve the delamination resistance of marine composites. In this study, we aimed to investigate experimentally the effect of halloysite nanotube nanoreinforcements on the fracture performance of artificial seawater aged basalt–epoxy composites. For this, we introduced various amounts of halloysite nanotubes into the epoxy and the halloysite nanotube–epoxy mixtures were used to impregnate to basalt fabrics via vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding, subsequently. Fracture performances of the halloysite nanotubes modified epoxy and basalt/epoxy composite laminated were evaluated separately. Single edge notched tensile tests were conducted on halloysite nanotube modified epoxy nanocomposites and the average stress intensity factor (KIC) was increased from 1.65 to 2.36 MPa.m1/2 (by 43%) with the incorporation of 2 wt % halloysite nanotubes. The interlaminar shear strength and Mode-I interlaminar fracture toughness (GIC) of basalt–epoxy hybrid composites were enhanced from 36.1 to 42.9 MPa and from 1.22 to 1.44 kJ/m2, respectively. Moreover, the hybrid composites exhibited improved seawater aging performance by almost 52% and 34% in interlaminar shear strength and GIC values compared to the neat basalt-epoxy composites after conditioning in seawater for six months, respectively. We proposed a model to represent fracture behavior of the seawater aged hybrid composite based on scanning electron microscopy and infrared spectroscopy analyses.

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Introduction

Cited by 12 publications

References 38 publications

Rheological, Mechanical and Morphological Characterization of Fillers in the Nautical Field: The Role of Dispersing Agents on Composite Materials

Rheological, Mechanical and Morphological Characterization of Fillers in the Nautical Field: The Role of Dispersing Agents on Composite Materials

Influence of microstructural defects and hydrostatic pressure on water absorption in composite materials for tidal energy

Halloysite nanotube reinforcement endows ameliorated fracture resistance of seawater aged basalt/epoxy composites

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