Introduction

Multi-bilateral aid for disease control

“…The benefits of delegating to multilateral organizations includes support for the production of global public goods, increasing reach and decreasing fragmentation of aid, as well as producing less politicized aid (Greenhill and Rabinowitz, 2016; Gulrajani, 2016; Hawkins et al, 2006; Milner, 2006; Milner and Tingley, 2013; Wickstead, 2015). For large, complex, problems, a single donor may not have the jurisdiction, resources, or expertise necessary to fully address the problem.…”

“…In addition, multilateral channels are thought to be better mechanisms for the production of global public goods (Gulrajani, 2016; Wickstead, 2015). The pooling of resources toward a shared agenda not only enables collective action, but also prevents the fragmentation of aid created by bilateral aid efforts (Birdsall and Kharas, 2014; Gulrajani, 2016).…”

“…In contrast, if donors are using multi-bilateral aid to maximize the benefits of delegation and contribute to the global public good of infectious disease control, then they should be more likely to use multi-bilateral aid in situations where the benefits of coordinated responses and resource-pooling would be greatest (Birdsall and Kharas, 2014; Greenhill and Rabinowitz, 2016; Gulrajani, 2016; Hawkins et al, 2006; Milner, 2006; Milner and Tingley, 2013; Wickstead, 2015). This would include diseases that cause a greater global burden and/or greater burden within a potential recipient country.…”

Migrasi Vertikal Zooplankton Di Laut Banda

“…Metoda identifikasi zooplankton berdasarkan referensi dari Hutabarat dan Evans (1986). Kelimpahan zooplankton dihitung dengan menggunakan rumus sebagai berikut (Wickstead, 1965):…”