Introduction

Messenger, Phyllis Mauch; Smith, George S.

doi:10.5744/florida/9780813034607.003.0001

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…University-based research restricted the scope, intensity, and widespread application of archaeology in Canada and the United States. Shifts in the discipline in the 1980s (i.e., legislation that required archaeological investigations prior to land alterations) led to the growth of commercial archaeology, or CRM, which changed archaeology from an academic pursuit to a business activity (Dans and Gonzalez 2021; see Messenger and Smith 2010). Over the last several decades, the growth of the CRM sector in Canada and the United States has rapidly increased the number of sites that archaeologists survey and excavate each year.…”

Section: Thematic Analysis and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thematic Analysis of Indigenous Perspectives on Archaeology and Cultural Resource Management Industries

McLellan,

Woolsey

2024

Am. Antiq.

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This article explores Indigenous perspectives on archaeology in Canada and the United States and the role of archaeologists in engaging with Indigenous communities. As part of our study, we interviewed Indigenous community members about their experiences in archaeology and their thoughts on the discipline. We analyzed each interview thematically to identify patterns of meaning across the dataset and to develop common themes in the interview transcripts. Based on the results of our analysis, we identified six themes in the data: (1) Euro-colonialism damaged and interrupted Indigenous history, and archaeology offers Indigenous community members an opportunity to reconnect with their past; (2) archaeological practices restrict access of Indigenous community members to archaeological information and archaeological materials; (3) cultural resource management (CRM) is outpacing the capacity of Indigenous communities to engage meaningfully with archaeologists; (4) the codification of archaeology through standards, guidelines, and technical report writing limits the goals of the discipline; (5) archaeological methods are inconsistent and based on individual, or company-wide, funding and decision-making; and (6) archaeological software offers a new opportunity for Indigenous communities and archaeologists to collaborate on projects.

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Section: Thematic Analysis and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thematic Analysis of Indigenous Perspectives on Archaeology and Cultural Resource Management Industries

McLellan,

Woolsey

2024

Am. Antiq.

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“…Diverse, diversely valued, and easily and often irrevocably damaged, “cultural resources” are wellsprings for communal and individual identities, vitalities, and senses of place, security, and belonging (Schaepe et al 2017; Welch et al 2011). Nations around the world maintain laws and cultural resource management (CRM) systems to assure that public benefits flow from cultural resources (Cleere 1990; Messenger and Smith 2010). Terms of reference in US law and policy—e.g., “cultural items,” “historic properties,” “sacred sites,” “archaeological resources”—emphasize cultural resources as material things with essential intangible dimensions (Table 1; Hutt et al 2006; King 2008).…”

Section: Cultural Resources and Unauthorized Alterationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cultural Resource Damage Assessment

Welch

Cowell

Ryan

et al. 2023

Adv. archaeol. pract.

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Unauthorized cultural resource alterations range from looting and grave robbing to contract violations and wildland fires. Such alterations degrade cultural resources’ spiritual, communal, ecological, economic, and scientific values. Alterations often violate communal senses of place, security, and belonging. Alterations complicate jurisdiction-specific management, which is premised on up-to-date information on resource sizes, conditions, and significance. Cultural resource damage assessment protocols based on proven forensic practices distil to eight fieldwork steps: verify the alteration, assemble the team, survey the scene, document the evidence, gather the evidence, assess the archaeological value and the cost of repair and restoration, prescribe emergency remediation, and confirm evidence documentation and custody. The eight steps give special consideration to local communities and Indigenous Territories, where unauthorized alterations are as common as they are elsewhere, whereas impacts to spiritual and cultural values are generally greater. Adapted to jurisdiction- and incident-specific circumstances, the steps will guide responses to alterations by community leaders, land managers, regulators, law enforcement agents, and archaeologists, including preparation of excellent damage assessment reports. Damage assessment practitioners and land managers should refine these practices to deter alterations, engage Tribes and other affected communities, halt postalteration degradation, ensure accountability, and enable jurisdiction-scale curation of cultural resources and their unique value constellations.

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Full Spectrum Archaeology

Hogg

Welch

Ferris

2017

Arch

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2Full Spectrum Archaeology (FSA) is an aspiration stemming from the convergence of archaeology's fundamental principles with international heritage policies and community preferences. FSA encompasses study and stewardship of the full range of heritage resources in accord with the full range of associated values and through the application of treatments selected from the full range of appropriate options. Late modern states, including British Columbia, Canada, nominally embrace de jure heritage policies consonant with international standards yet also resist de facto heritage management practice grounded in professional ethics and local values and preferences. In response, inheritor communities and their allies in archaeology are demonstrating the benefits of FSA and reclaiming control over cultural heritage. Archaeology and heritage management driven by altruistic articulation of communal, educational, scientific and other values further expose shortcomings and vulnerabilities of late modern states as well as public goods in and from FSA.Archaeological resource management; Cultural heritage management; History of archaeology; International heritage policies 3 Archaeologists in the later-2010s face some big questions. Is cultural heritage best treated as a part of archaeology, or vice versa? Can (and should) archaeology hold together as a unified discipline in the face of ongoing growth and diversification, especially in heritage resource management (HRM) archaeology and other fee-for-service practice? Should we proceed in riveting our disciplinary focus upon places and objects having scientific and historical values? Or, are the interests of archaeology and our diverse clientele better served by and through what we refer to, following Welch and Ferris (2014:97), as full spectrum archaeology (FSA)-an aspiration to employ an archaeological lens and other means to understand all cultural heritage, to attend to all values associated with heritage, and to consider management and treatment options that reflect and embrace those diverse values? Will we, archaeologists, continue the comfortably institutionalized ostensibly objective study and management of sites and artifacts within internal disciplinary logics and agendas, or shall we respond to international policies and increasingly vocal inheritor community preferences by expanding and diversifying archaeology into an essential if not always sufficient means for helping to identify, assess, and treat broad arrays of particularly significant cultural heritage? These seemingly academic questions go to the heart of practical and political relations between archaeology and late modern states, especially as regards to engagements archaeology and archaeologists are pursuing with international, national, regional, and communal partners to make decisions about what heritage will be carried forward and may help shape the future.In dialogue with the other essays in this collection, we seek to set a course for archaeology that stems the rising tides of late modern state control...

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Introduction

Cited by 3 publications

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Thematic Analysis of Indigenous Perspectives on Archaeology and Cultural Resource Management Industries

Thematic Analysis of Indigenous Perspectives on Archaeology and Cultural Resource Management Industries

Cultural Resource Damage Assessment

Full Spectrum Archaeology

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