Introduction

Catling, Dorothy; Grayson, J.

doi:10.1007/978-94-011-8070-2_1

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…For all the ax samples, similar clear intensity maxima due to the crystal deposits (excluding crystalline cellulose spectra) were not detected in the scattering patterns. This corresponds to the hypothesis based on earlier PLM results in the literature that the cellular tissue of ax does not contain observable crystal deposits (Catling and Grayson 1982). However, it must be noted, that the absence of these crystals in the case of XRD might be caused by the fact that the relative amount of the crystal compounds is too low to be detected.…”

Section: Waxs Results On Modern Bressupporting

confidence: 89%

Wide-angle X-ray Scattering studies on contemporary and ancient bast fibres used in textiles – ultrastructural studies on stinging nettle

Viljanen

Suomela

Svedström

2021

Preprint

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Stinging nettle (Urtica dioica) among other bast fibres, is a potential fibre source material for industrial and manufacturing applications. However, systematic research on the ultrastructural properties of nettle fibres is lacking. Determining the ultrastructural parameters of the bast fibres could provide also new insights into the studies of archaeological and historical fibres and their usage. In this study, modern and ancient fibre samples of stinging nettle were studied using wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) and compared to other well-studied plant fibre species. From the WAXS patterns, the mean microfibril angle, average cellulose crystallite width and relative crystallinity index were determined. Besides, the suitability of the WAXS method for fibre identification purposes was studied. The culturohistorical research material consisted of fibre samples of nettle, flax and hemp acquired from White Karelian textiles collected 1894 as well as of 800–900-year-old archaeological textile fragments from Ravattula Ristimäki burial site in Kaarina, Southwest Finland. The crystallite widths for all modern fibres were of the similar size, however subtle differences in the relative crystallinity values in descending order (from flax to nettle and finally hemp) were observed. For the culturohistorical fibres, the values for average crystallite width and relative crystallinity were larger compared to the modern references of the same fibre type. In addition, individual features due to the presence of other crystalline substances (noncellulosic, minerals e.g., calcium oxalates), were detected in the scattering patterns of all modern nettles. These features could potentially be used as a tool to identify modern nettle fibres.

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Section: Waxs Results On Modern Bressupporting

confidence: 89%

Wide-angle X-ray Scattering studies on contemporary and ancient bast fibres used in textiles – ultrastructural studies on stinging nettle

Viljanen

Suomela

Svedström

2021

Preprint

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“…Textiles may also be preserved, but accurate identification of bast fibres to species is difficult (e.g. see Catling and Grayson 1982 ) and rarely reported with convincing details, while claims of identifying hemp textiles from superficial impressions, e.g. on ceramics (McPartland and Hegman 2018 ; cf.…”

Section: Taxonomic Background and Theories On The Origins Of Cannabismentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphometric approaches to Cannabis evolution and differentiation from archaeological sites: interpreting the archaeobotanical evidence from bronze age Haimenkou, Yunnan

Dal Martello,

Min,

Stevens

et al. 2023

Veget Hist Archaeobot

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Cannabis grains are frequently reported from archaeological sites in Asia, and hypothesized centers of origins are China and Central Asia. Chinese early cannabis remains are often interpreted as evidence of hemp fabric production, in line with early textual evidence describing ritualistic hemp cloth use and hemp cultivation as a grain crop. Modern measurements on cannabis varieties show distinct sizes between fibre or oil/fibre and psychoactive varieties, the former having larger seeds on average than the latter. This paper reviews the current macro-botanical evidence for cannabis across East, Central and South Asia and builds a comparative framework based on modern cannabis seed measurements to help identify cannabis use in the past, through the metric analysis of archaeologically preserved seeds. Over 800 grains of cannabis were retrieved from the 2008 excavation of Haimenkou, Yunnan, Southwest China, dating to between 1650 and 400 bc. These are compared with other known archaeological cannabis and interpreted through the metric framework. This offers a basis for exploration of the seed morphometrics potential to infer cannabis cultivation and diversification in uses. At Haimenkou, cannabis seeds size mostly plot in the range of overlapping psychoactive/fibre types; we therefore suggest that the cannabis assemblage from Haimenkou is indicative of a crop beginning to undergo evolution from its early domesticated form towards a diversified crop specialized for alternative uses, including larger oilseed/fibre adapted varieties.

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“…Flax ( Linum usitatissimum L.) is one of the species in the family Linaceae, which is comprised of 13 genera and 300 species [14]. The height and diameter of the flax stem are approximately 1–1.3 m and 4–5 mm, respectively [15]. The plant originates from the Mediterranean and Southwest Asian regions [16] and is now one of the more important crops grown in Canada.…”

Section: Bast Fibresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bast fibres: structure, processing, properties, and applications

Sadrmanesh

Chen

2018

International Materials Reviews

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There is an increasing demand for natural fibres worldwide due to their renewable and biodegradable nature. This paper reviews many aspects of natural fibres, focusing on the bast fibres of plants including hemp, flax, kenaf, jute, and ramie. Important characteristics of these plant fibres include physical, mechanical, dielectric, degradation, hygroscopic, and surface properties. These properties are highly variable, depending on both the chemical composition of the fibre and the environmental conditions. Retting and mechanical are the two main fibre extraction methods. When executed properly, retting produces the highest purity fibre; however, it is time-consuming and generates large amounts of wastewater. In contrast, mechanical extraction is faster and more environmentally friendly but results in lowpurity fibre. Despite the drawbacks of bast fibres (e.g. low thermal stability, low hygroscopicity, low surface energy), they have been successfully used in insulation, composite, and geotextiles and many further applications are currently being explored.

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Introduction

Cited by 4 publications

References 0 publications

Wide-angle X-ray Scattering studies on contemporary and ancient bast fibres used in textiles – ultrastructural studies on stinging nettle

Wide-angle X-ray Scattering studies on contemporary and ancient bast fibres used in textiles – ultrastructural studies on stinging nettle

Morphometric approaches to Cannabis evolution and differentiation from archaeological sites: interpreting the archaeobotanical evidence from bronze age Haimenkou, Yunnan

Bast fibres: structure, processing, properties, and applications

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