By showing that Scottish homicide rates more than doubled in the first sixty years of the nineteenth century, this article challenges the assumption on which much current work on pre-1950 homicide rates is based -that this was a story of uninterrupted decline. Using a detailed study of the geography of Scottish homicide, it argues that, while many historians have linked urbanization to lower homicide rates, in Scotland in this period the opposite was the case. The article then explores some of the key factors that lay behind these temporal and spatial variations in Scottish homicide rates such as regional differences in the proportion of lethally violent acts that were prosecuted, the effects of widening definitions of culpable homicide, and the impact on actual levels of lethal violence made by factors such as urban living conditions, migration patterns, and urban/ rural differences in the age profile of the general population.