“…There is an ongoing debate among educators and scholars (Angelis, et al, 2007;Black & Valenzuela, 2004;Diem & Boske, 2012;Haney, 2004;Ryan, 2012) about whether external, outcome-driven accountability policies enhance or hinder the promotion of social justice among students with diverse backgrounds. Some scholars contend that accountability curtails educational opportunities, and reinforces and extends social inequalities (Black & Valenzuela, 2004;Haney, 2004;McNeil & Valenzuela, 2001).…”