“…Moreover, as indicated in [9], "the scope for the implementation of standby redundancy is limited". For these two reasons, active replication is the preferred approach to implement fault-tolerant real-time systems [IO,111. In these systems, failures are masked by processing replicas of an application in a sufficiently large group of processors whose components fail independently. Replicas execute a total ordering protocol, which guarantees that input requests issued by clients will be processed by all functioning replicas in the same order; assuming that the behavior of a replica is deterministic, all functioning replicas undergo the same state transitions and issue identical replies to any given request.…”