Introduction and overview: Assessing children's exposure to hazardous environmental chemicals: an overview of selected research challenges and complexities

Needham, Larry L.; Sexton, Ken

doi:10.1038/sj.jea.7500142

Cited by 123 publications

(120 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Children from low-income, inner-city households are likely to be exposed routinely to a wide variety of hazardous environmental chemicals during the course of their daily lives (Needham and Sexton, 2000;Needham et al, 2005;Sexton et al, 2006Sexton et al, , 2011Wigle et al, 2007). Concerns about adverse health effects span a spectrum of diverse chemical classes, including persistent organic chemicals (e.g., PCBs and OC pesticides), non-persistent semivolatile organic chemicals (e.g., OP pesticides, phthalates, and ETS), nonpersistent volatile organic chemicals (e.g., VOCs), and bioaccumulative inorganic chemicals (e.g., Pb and Hg).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There is a critical need for more and better data documenting children's exposure to multiple environmental chemicals as part of a strategy to identify high-risk populations/situations and to formulate effective and efficient risk management policies (Cohen Hubal et al, 2000;Needham and Sexton, 2000;Brent and Weitzman, 2004;Needham et al, 2005;Wigle et al, 2007). Biologic markers of chemicals and their by-products or metabolites in children are useful measures of direct exposure integrated over all sources, pathways, and routes (Needham and Sexton, 2000;Barr et al, 2005;Needham et al, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Biologic markers of chemicals and their by-products or metabolites in children are useful measures of direct exposure integrated over all sources, pathways, and routes (Needham and Sexton, 2000;Barr et al, 2005;Needham et al, 2005). Current laboratory methods allow for measurement of picogram per gram levels or lower for hundreds of exposure biomarkers in relatively small amounts of blood and urine (Needham and Sexton, 2000;Sexton et al, 2004a;Needham et al, 2005). Biomarker data have been collected in children to evaluate environmental exposures to specific chemicals or chemical classes, including lead (Brody et al, 1994), pesticides (Payne-Sturges et al, 2009), environmental tobacco smoke (ETS; Sexton et al, 2004b), volatile organic chemicals (VOCs; Sexton et al, 2005), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs; Soechitram et al, 2004;Fukata et al, 2005), and phthalates (Silva et al, 2004;Wolff et al, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Biomarker data have been collected in children to evaluate environmental exposures to specific chemicals or chemical classes, including lead (Brody et al, 1994), pesticides (Payne-Sturges et al, 2009), environmental tobacco smoke (ETS; Sexton et al, 2004b), volatile organic chemicals (VOCs; Sexton et al, 2005), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs; Soechitram et al, 2004;Fukata et al, 2005), and phthalates (Silva et al, 2004;Wolff et al, 2007). But relatively few studies have been conducted that make longitudinal (over time) measurements of multiple biomarkers in the same children (Cohen Hubal et al, 2000;Needham and Sexton, 2000;Clayton et al, 2003;Sexton et al, 2006Sexton et al, , 2011.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Using exposure biomarkers in children to compare between-child and within-child variance and calculate correlations among siblings for multiple environmental chemicals

Sexton¹,

Ryan

2011

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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Longitudinal measurements of biomarkers for metals, phthalates, environmental tobacco smoke, organochlorine and organophosphate pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, and volatile organic compounds were made in blood and/or urine from a stratified, random sample of more than 100 elementary school-aged children living in an inner-city section of Minneapolis. Repeated measures of 31 exposure biomarkers indicate that between-child variance (B-CV) was greater than within-child variance (W-CV) for 8 compounds, B-CV was a significant proportion of total variance for 9 compounds, and variances were homogeneous for 14 compounds. Among siblings living in the same household, positive correlations were observed for biomarker concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorine pesticides, metals, and volatile organic chemicals in blood, and total cotinine in urine. Biologic markers confirm that children from a low-income, ethnically diverse neighborhood experienced concurrent exposure to a variety of hazardous environmental chemicals during their everyday activities. Future monitoring studies should examine the nature and magnitude of children's cumulative exposure to both chemical and non-chemical stressors, especially in disadvantaged populations.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Using exposure biomarkers in children to compare between-child and within-child variance and calculate correlations among siblings for multiple environmental chemicals

Sexton¹,

Ryan

2011

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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Erfassung der Humanexposition mit organischen Verbindungen in Innenraumumgebungen

Salthammer

Zhang

et al. 2018

Angewandte Chemie

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Die Rolle von Chemikalien in Innenraumumgebungen ist seit langem Gegenstand der Forschung. Die meisten der potenziellen Zielsubstanzen sind leichtflüchtige, flüchtige und schwerflüchtige organische Verbindungen (VVOCs, VOCs und SVOCs). In Abhängigkeit von ihren physikalischen Eigenschaften und Stoffübergangsbedingungen verteilen sie sich in oder zwischen der Gasphase, der Partikelphase, dem Hausstaub, Oberflächenfilmen, der Kleidung und anderen Textilien sowie Haut und Haaren der Bewohner. Demzufolge müssen Inhalation, Ingestion und dermale Aufnahme als relevante Wege für die Expositions‐Charakterisierung im Wohnbereich berücksichtigt werden. Die Exposition mit VVOCs, VOCs und SVOCs kann durch Messung ihrer Konzentrationen in den jeweiligen Innenraumkompartimenten oder durch Bestimmung der Zielverbindungen und/oder ihrer Metaboliten im Urin oder Blut erfasst werden. Die verschiedenen Expositionswege erfordern oft die Kombination eines komplexen und interdisziplinären theoretischen Hintergrunds mit experimentellen Methoden. Demzufolge bedarf es einer engen Kommunikation und Zusammenarbeit zwischen Chemikern und Expositionsforschern, um ein besseres Verständnis der Humanexposition mit chemischen Substanzen in verschiedenen Innenraumumgebungen zu erlangen. Eingebettet in den toxikologischen Kontext ist dies die Grundlage für die Erfassung von Gesundheitsrisiken und die Bestimmung von Kontrollstrategien oder ‐ansätzen zur Begrenzung solcher Risiken.

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Assessing Human Exposure to Organic Pollutants in the Indoor Environment

et al. 2018

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There is an ongoing probing of the role of chemicals in the indoor environment. The majority of potential target substances are so-called very volatile, volatile, and semi-volatile organic compounds (VVOCs, VOCs, and SVOCs). Depending on their physical properties and the mass transfer conditions, they are distributed in or between the gas phase, particle phase, settled house dust, surface films, clothing, and other fabrics as well as the exposed skin and hair of the occupants themselves. Therefore, inhalation, ingestion, and dermal uptake all must be considered as relevant pathways for exposure assessment in human habitats. Exposure to VVOCs, VOCs, and SVOCs can be estimated by measuring their concentrations in relevant indoor compartments or by determining the amounts of the target compounds and/or their metabolites in urine and blood. Assessing the various routes of exposure often requires a combination of sophisticated and interdisciplinary theoretical background and experimental techniques. Consequently, close communication and collaboration between chemical and exposure scientists are needed to achieve a better understanding of human exposure to chemical substances in various indoor environments. Embedded in the toxicological context, this is the basis for assessing the corresponding health risks and for determining control strategies or approaches to limit such risks.

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Introduction and overview: Assessing children's exposure to hazardous environmental chemicals: an overview of selected research challenges and complexities

Cited by 123 publications

References 42 publications

Using exposure biomarkers in children to compare between-child and within-child variance and calculate correlations among siblings for multiple environmental chemicals

Using exposure biomarkers in children to compare between-child and within-child variance and calculate correlations among siblings for multiple environmental chemicals

Erfassung der Humanexposition mit organischen Verbindungen in Innenraumumgebungen

Assessing Human Exposure to Organic Pollutants in the Indoor Environment

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