Introduction - Emergency Operation Technologies for Sudden Water Pollution Accidents

Abstract

Water is an important basic resource for human survival, social and economic development, and ecological environment stability [1]. With population growth, economic development, and climate change, many countries and regions face water shortage due to the uneven spatial-temporal distribution of water resources [2, 3]. Shortage of water resources will affect food safety, economic development, and ecological environment health. This is one of the major difficulties that the world has to face in the future and a major obstacle to realize sustainable development [4, 5]. It is an important way to solve the crisis of water resources in some areas by carrying out water diversion projects to transfer water from the areas where water is abundant to the places lacking of water [6]. 1.1 Main long-distance water diversion projects in the world It has been a long history of building water diversion projects by all the countries around the world. The earliest project can be traced back to 2400 BC in the ancient Egypt, transferring the water of the Nile River to irrigate the southern Ethiopia plateau. With the development of social economy, the distance, range, transferable water amount, benefit, construction, and management levels of water diversion projects are gradually improved [7]. Until now, 350 long-distance water diversion projects have been built in at least 39 countries [8]. The following are some typical ones in the world. 1.1.1 California north-to-south water diversion project (America) The main work of this Project Phase I was completed in 1973, successfully providing industrial and living water for 17 million people centering around Los Angeles. The main canal is 1138 km long in total, with a multi-year average water diversion amount of 5.2 billion m 3 and a water diversion flow of 284 m 3 /s.