“…In SSA, gender violence, corporal punishment and bullying are the three areas of obvious harm that have come to greatest prominence over the last two decades (Dunne et al, 2006;Leach et al, 2014;Parkes et al, 2016), propelled by high-profile international campaigns for their global eradication, usually framed within the discourse of child rights. These forms of violence can all be conceptually linked within an analysis of school as a gendered institution operating within broader societal gender norms and power relations (Connell, 1987;Bhana et al, 2021) and within violent historical processes, such as colonialism and apartheid (Epstein and Morrell, 2012;Adzahlie-Mensah, 2014). Yet corporal punishment and bullying, in particular, are more often studied separately and decontextualized, within gender-neutral discourses of 'victim' and 'perpetrator/ bully', with gender only considered as a categorical variable (Dunne et al, 2006).…”