Introduction

Kamiński, Tomasz

doi:10.18778/8142-517-9.01

Cited by 2 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…Turkish mayors are even more important to successful cooperation than is the Chinese partner's commitment or the existence of an o cial agreement. This corroborates previous research showing the key role of local political leaders in successful paradiplomacy (Kamiński, 2021;Lee, 2016).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

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The role of cities in Turkish relations with China

Kamiński,

Turan,

Aral

et al. 2023

Preprint

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State-level development of relations with China is usually accompanied by an increased number of contacts on the sub-state level, but the academic literature on Sino-Turkish relations has mainly been reticent on this phenomenon. This paper examines the sub-state level and attempts to characterise city-to-city contacts with China from the Turkish perspective. Based on data gleaned from a survey of 81 Turkish cities, we answer questions about the scope and the patterns of cooperation between Turkish and Chinese cities; we identify the main factors influencing this cooperation; and we argue that the Turkish government might use city-to-city relations to reach its policy goals towards China. Our findings show that Turkey's city-to-city relations with China are less developed than are the EU member states', and Sino-Turkish cooperation is currently far below its potential – particularly in business. However, city diplomacy is a hidden capacity in Turkish foreign policy, and the development of subnational links with China might be instrumental to Turkey in reaching its foreign policy goals.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…The development of relations with China on the state level is usually accompanied by an increased number of contacts with Chinese counterparts on the sub-state level (Kamiński, 2021). Local and regional authorities try to promote business, academic or cultural cooperation, attracting Chinese investors, students and tourists.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of cities in Turkish relations with China

Kamiński,

Turan,

Aral

et al. 2023

Preprint

Self Cite

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“…A study by the German think-tank MERICS indicates that from the economy to the environment and culture to academic exchange, China has steadily expanded its ties at the subnational level, bypassing EU institutions and national governments (Kefferputz, 2021). These ndings con rmed the trend we observed in our previous research on the cooperation between European regions and Chinese provinces (Kamiński, 2021). Following the line, we decided to investigate whether city-to-city cooperation is developing similarly.…”

Section: The City-to-city Cooperation With Chinasupporting

confidence: 85%

“…It can be inferred that European cities seek to entice the Chinese by showcasing their unique cultural and historical heritage or by creating a conducive environment for business activities. Academic cooperation is less common because not all cities have a university The analysis of the cities' local partners for international cooperation with China (see Figure 4) con rms previous research on regions (Kamiński, 2021) In addition to universities and business partners, cultural institutions play a signi cant role in fostering ties with China. The presence of these local partners in the city correlates with the speci c areas of cooperation they engage in (see Figure 3).…”

Section: Lack Of Answer 11supporting

confidence: 66%

“…Even literature on the people-to-people dialogue with China usually does not mention sub-state contacts (Burney et al, 2014;Fulda, 2019). The role of sub-state actors has been analysed by think-tank experts (Kefferputz, 2021) and a few academic publications (Goette & Qianlan, 2018; Kamiński, 2019cKamiński, , 2021Neves, 2018;Skorupska et al, 2019). The city-to-city interactions between Europe and China have not been comprehensively researched.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cities as actors in the EU policy towards China

Kamiński,

Ciesielska-Klikowska,

Gzik

2023

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City diplomacy between EU and Chinese cities has become an increasingly significant layer of bilateral relations. The collaboration between cities is extensive and covers a wide range of thematic areas, with around half of the European cities having partnerships with Chinese counterparts, according to a survey of 745 cities. However, despite the commonality of these partnerships, our research has highlighted a disconnection between subnational relations and the upper levels of European policy. Despite some previous initiatives, local actors have not been effectively engaged in the EU policy-making. The European Parliament has called for greater coordination with sub-state actors, but this call has gone unanswered. The paper unpacks the city level of EU relations with China, showing its scope, patterns of cooperation, and potential impact. The authors present theoretical and empirical arguments to support the notion that city diplomacy should have a much more significant impact on EU policy towards China.

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Introduction

Cited by 2 publications

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The role of cities in Turkish relations with China

The role of cities in Turkish relations with China

Cities as actors in the EU policy towards China

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