Introduction of combined injection in 160-t converters

Combined injection of oxygen and neutral gas in the converter bath

“…At present, the owners of metallurgical enterprises generally purchase imported equipment, without draw ing on the expertise of research organizations within the Commonwealth of Independent States [1][2][3]. Con verter technology developed to the level of industrial tri als within the Soviet Union has been ignored.…”

“…Imported systems in which oxygen is injected from above and neutral gas from below have mainly been employed [1][2][3].…”

“…At several enterprises in Russia (OAO Novolipetskii Metallurgicheskii Kombinat, OAO EVRAZ Nizhne tagil'skii Metallurgicheskii Kombinat) and Ukraine (PAO Alchevskii Metallurgicheskii Kombinat), VAI (Austria) has introduced a different system, with oxygen injection from above through a standard multi nozzle lance and neutral gas (nitrogen or argon) through multichannel units from below [1][2][3]. Despite its numerous benefits (such as smoother injection, improved bath mixing, and reduced oxida tion of the metal and slag), this system has the follow ing deficiencies.…”

“…The design of the cast tips ensures long life and minimal labor in their replacement. However, they also prevent improvement of the thermal balance in the converter process, slag formation, and the removal of phosphorus with an elevated carbon content in the metal melt [1][2][3].…”