Introduction of emerging halogenated flame retardants in the environment

Ekpe, Okon Dominic; Choo, Gyojin; Barceló, Damià; Oh, Jeong‐Eun

doi:10.1016/bs.coac.2019.11.002

Cited by 31 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 156 publications

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“…They are very efficient in trapping free radicals. Other advantages are good miscibility, processability, and low cost [40].…”

Section: Halogenated Flame Retardantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As a result, high smoke emissions may also cause evacuation problems due to a reduction in visibility [32]. Halogenated flame retardants pose a hazard to the environment and living organisms [40]. The discontinuation of the use of halogenated flame retardants is also due to environmental reasons.…”

Section: Halogenated Flame Retardantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…High effectiveness in combustion inhibition, Efficiency in capturing free radicals, Good miscibility and processability, Low price [37,40]. The use of BFRs helps maintain good impact and tensile strength [54].…”

Section: Environmental Impact Of Flame Retardantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Modification of Glass/Polyester Laminates with Flame Retardants

2021

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This paper presents a review of flame retardants used for glass/polyester laminates. It concerns flame retardants withdrawn from use such as compounds containing halogen atoms and flame retardants currently used in the industry, such as inorganic hydroxides, phosphorus and nitrogen-containing compounds, antimony, and boron compounds, as well as tin–zinc compounds. Attention is also drawn to the use of nanoclays and the production of nanocomposites, intumescent flame retardant systems, and mats, as well as polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes. The paper discusses the action mechanism of particular flame retardants and presents their advantages and disadvantages.

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“…They are very efficient in trapping free radicals. Other advantages are good miscibility, processability, and low cost [40].…”

Section: Halogenated Flame Retardantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Halogenated Flame Retardantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Modification of Glass/Polyester Laminates with Flame Retardants

2021

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“…TCPP is classified as not readily biodegradable, with a relative high solubility in water (Bekele et al, 2019; Truong et al, 2017; X. Wang et al, 2020). It represents 80% of chlorinated flame retardants used in Europe and it is regarded as the most important OPFRs in terms of volume (Ekpe et al, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Embryotoxicity characterization of the flame retardant tris(1‐chloro‐2‐propyl)phosphate (TCPP) in the invertebrate chordate Ciona intestinalis

et al. 2021

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Tris(1‐chloro‐2‐propyl)phosphate (TCPP) is the most common chlorinated organophosphorus flame retardant in seawater. Due to its chemical features and abundance, TCPP has been classified as a high hazard, and restrictions of use have been set in multiple countries. Despite TCPP being highly present in the marine environment, only a few studies have explored the TCPP impact on the development of marine invertebrates. Ascidians are important invertebrate members of benthic marine communities and reliable model systems for ecotoxicological research. The aim of this study was to assess the adverse effects of TCPP exposure on the embryogenesis of the ascidian Ciona intestinalis. Our results showed that this pollutant affected both muscles and nervous system development. Malformations appeared similar to those reported in other animal models for other flame retardants, suggesting that these molecules could share a common mechanism of action and induce a mixture effect when simultaneously present in the aquatic environment even at sub‐teratogenic concentrations.

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“…However, many of the bulk and surface-incorporated flame retardants, as well as other additives, that are used to improve the properties of plastic and textile products are leached out during their lifetime (through washing, migration into air, atmospheric washout by precipitation), in the recycling phase, and during final disposal, ending up in the environment [ 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ]. The health and environmental concerns related to the persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic (PBT) halogenated flame retardants stimulated the search for alternative solutions and the development of more sustainable flame retardants [ 1 , 2 , 9 , 10 , 11 ]. Organophosphorus compounds (OP), i.e., organophosphates, organophosphonates, organophosphinates, organoposphine oxide, and organophosphites, are currently being intensively investigated as alternatives to PBT flame retardants due to due the chemical versatility of phosphorus’ different oxidation states and their ability to provide effective flame retardant protection in both the condensed and gas phases [ 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

New Insights into Antibacterial and Antifungal Properties, Cytotoxicity and Aquatic Ecotoxicity of Flame Retardant PA6/DOPO-Derivative Nanocomposite Textile Fibers

et al. 2021

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial and antifungal activity, cytotoxicity, leaching, and ecotoxicity of novel flame retardant polyamide 6 (PA6) textile fibers developed by our research group. The textile fibers were produced by the incorporation of flame-retardant bridged 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) derivative (PHED) in the PA6 matrix during the in situ polymerization process at concentrations equal to 10 and 15 wt% (PA6/10PHED and PA6/15PHED, respectively). Whilst the nanodispersed PHED provided highly efficient flame retardancy, its biological activity led to excellent antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, as well as excellent antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans. The results confirmed leaching of the PHED, but the tested leachates did not cause any measurable toxic effect to the duckweed Lemna minor. The in vitro cytotoxicity of the leached PHED from the PA6/15PHED sample was confirmed for human cells from adipose tissue in direct and prolonged contact. The targeted biological activity of the organophosphinate flame retardant could be beneficial for the development of PA6 textile materials with multifunctional properties and the low ecotoxicity profile, while the PHED’s leaching and cytotoxicity limit their application involving the washing processes and direct contact with the skin.

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Introduction of emerging halogenated flame retardants in the environment

Cited by 31 publications

References 156 publications

Modification of Glass/Polyester Laminates with Flame Retardants

Modification of Glass/Polyester Laminates with Flame Retardants

Embryotoxicity characterization of the flame retardant tris(1‐chloro‐2‐propyl)phosphate (TCPP) in the invertebrate chordate Ciona intestinalis

New Insights into Antibacterial and Antifungal Properties, Cytotoxicity and Aquatic Ecotoxicity of Flame Retardant PA6/DOPO-Derivative Nanocomposite Textile Fibers

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