Introduction of Formal Methods in Blockchain Consensus Mechanism and Its Associated Protocols

Verma, Sudhani; Yadav, Divakar; Chandra, Girish

doi:10.1109/access.2022.3184799

Cited by 22 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 78 publications

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“…PBFT achieves consensus more swiftly and economically compared to PoW, making it particularly suitable for private blockchains like Hyperledger projects [20]. However, it is less recommended for public blockchains due to scalability limitations [21]. A comprehensive survey of blockchain based consensus protocols is presented in [22], [23].…”

Section: B Blockchain-based Consensus Protocolsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Formal Verification of Justification and Finalization in Beacon Chain

Afzaal,

Zafar,

Tehseen

et al. 2024

IEEE Access

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In recent years, Beacon Chain known as the core of Ethereum 2.0, has gained considerable attention since its launch. Many validators have staked billions of Ether in the Proof of Stake (PoS) network. It is a mission critical system and its security and stability rely on the justification and finalization of checkpoints. These are essential elements of the Casper FFG consensus algorithm utilized by the Beacon Chain. This process is critical for establishing a trustworthy foundation and finalizing proposed blocks by confirming agreed upon checkpoints. Hence, ensuring the correctness of checkpoints in the Beacon Chain has significant importance because any bug in it can cause serious implications. To address this challenge, we employ formal methods, a popular mathematical approach used for verifying the correctness of such critical systems. In this work, we have done formal verification of the processes of Beacon Chain state initialization, justification and finalization of checkpoints using the Process Analysis Toolkit (PAT) model checker. The adoption of model checking through the PAT model checker presents a novel contribution of our work, as this approach is not previously utilized in the formal verification of Beacon Chain. The presented work is specified through the Communicating Sequential Programs, formal specification language, and the properties are described through Linear Temporal Logic. The PAT model checker takes the specified formal model and properties as input to assess whether the properties are satisfied. The properties are analyzed with respect to the verification time, visited states, total transitions, and memory used. Through this research, we aim to increase confidence in the correctness and reliability of the Beacon Chain.INDEX TERMS Ethereum 2.0, Beacon Chain, Justification and finalization, Model checking, PAT

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Section: B Blockchain-based Consensus Protocolsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Formal Verification of Justification and Finalization in Beacon Chain

Afzaal,

Zafar,

Tehseen

et al. 2024

IEEE Access

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“…The consensus mechanism ensures that all the stakeholders agree on the accuracy and integrity of the data. Using the consensus mechanism, blockchain helps prevent consistent damage to life and property by ensuring that only verified and trusted information is recorded and used within the system [42].…”

Section: Blockchain and Materials Traceabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancing the Sustainable Supply Chain in Nigeria's Real Estate Sector: A Blockchain Perspective for Transparency and Traceability

Osho,

Olaniyi

2024

IJICR

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This tudy investigates the impact of blockchain technology on sustainable real estate supply chain management, specifically focusing on material traceability and transparency . The findings highlight the importance of considering blockchain as a viable solution for enhancing material traceability and transparency in sustainable real estate supply chains as panacea for preventing incessant building collapse in Nigeria. The study contributes to the understanding of blockchain technology's role in real estate supply chain management and provides insights for industry practitioners, policymakers, and researchers. In this study, a quantitative approach was employed, which included distributing a questionnaire to 300 participants representing various sectors within the real estate industry. Out of the total, 235 responses were received. A regression analysis was conducted to examine the impact of blockchain technology on material traceability and transparency in real estate supply chain. The regression analysis showed a statistically significant positive relationship (β = 0.347, p < 0.005), and (β = 0.358, p < 0.005) indicating that the adoption of blockchain technology has significant impact on improving material traceability and transparency respectively. While challenges exist in the use of blockchain, such as scalability, future work should focus on practical implementation through pilot projects and the development of standardised protocols. It is recommended that industry stakeholders collaborate with regulatory bodies to establish guidelines and standards specific to blockchain implementation in the real estate sector in Nigeria.

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“…Wang et al (2019) summarize the designing details of consensus mechanism in introduce the characteristics, performance and fault tolerance of the consensus algorithms and compare their performance differences. Verma et al (2022) focus on different consensus mechanisms applying formal methods and discuss their usages and limitations.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

A survey on blockchain consensus mechanism: research overview, current advances and future directions

Xie

Liu

Chen

et al. 2022

IJICC

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PurposeAs the core technology of blockchain, various consensus mechanisms have emerged to satisfy the demands of different application scenarios. Since determining the security, scalability and other related performance of the blockchain, how to reach consensus efficiently of consensus mechanism is a critical issue in the blockchain.Design/methodology/approachThe paper opted for a research overview on the blockchain consensus mechanism, including the consensus mechanisms' consensus progress, classification and comparison, which are complemented by documentary analysis.FindingsThis survey analyzes solutions for the improvement of consensus mechanisms in blockchain that have been proposed during the last few years and suggests future research directions around consensus mechanisms. First, the authors outline the consensus processes, the advantages and disadvantages of the mainstream consensus mechanisms. Additionally, the consensus mechanisms are subdivided into four types according to their characteristics. Then, the consensus mechanisms are compared and analyzed based on four evaluation criteria. Finally, the authors summarize the representative progress of consensus mechanisms and provide some suggestions on the design of consensus mechanisms to make further advances in this field.Originality/valueThis paper summarizes the future research development of the consensus mechanisms.

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Introduction of Formal Methods in Blockchain Consensus Mechanism and Its Associated Protocols

Cited by 22 publications

References 78 publications

Formal Verification of Justification and Finalization in Beacon Chain

Formal Verification of Justification and Finalization in Beacon Chain

Enhancing the Sustainable Supply Chain in Nigeria's Real Estate Sector: A Blockchain Perspective for Transparency and Traceability

A survey on blockchain consensus mechanism: research overview, current advances and future directions

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