Introduction of Luminol-Dependent Chemiluminescence as a Method to Study Silica Inflammation in the Tissue and Phagocytic Cells of Rat Lung

Antonini, James M.; Dyke, Knox Van; Ye, Zuguang; DiMatteo, Michael; Reasor, Mark J.

doi:10.2307/3432211

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…CL was performed with an automated Berthold Autolumat LB 953 luminometer (Wallace, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD) as previously described (Antonini et al, 1994). Luminol was used as an amplifier to enhance detection of the light, and 2 mg/ml of unopsonized zymosan (Sigma) was added immediately prior to the measurement of CL to activate the AM.…”

Section: Chemiluminescencementioning

confidence: 99%

Chromium in Stainless Steel Welding Fume Suppresses Lung Defense Responses Against Bacterial Infection in Rats

Antonini¹,

Roberts²

2007

Journal of Immunotoxicology

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Pulmonary infections have been reported to be increased in welders. Previous animal studies have indicated that manual metal arc, stainless steel welding fume (MMA-SS) increased susceptibility to lung infections. MMA-SS is composed of a complex of metals (e.g., iron, chromium, nickel). The objective was to determine which metal component of MMA-SS welding fume alters lung defense responses. At Day 0, rats were intratracheally instilled one time with saline or MMA-SS at a concentration of 2 mg/rat. Additional rats were treated with the metal constituents, Fe(2)O(3), NiO, or Cr(2)Na(2)O(7) alone or in combination, at concentrations that are present in the dose used for MMA-SS treatment. At Day 3, rats were intratracheally inoculated with 5 x 10(3) Listeria monocytogenes. At Days 6, 8 and 10, homogenized left lungs were cultured, and colony-forming units were counted after an overnight incubation to assess pulmonary bacterial clearance. At Day 3 (prior to infection) and at Days 6, 8 and 10, right lungs were lavaged to recover cells and fluid from the airspaces to measure lung injury, inflammation, and cytokine secretion. The production of reactive oxygen species by phagocytes recovered from the lungs was measured. Exposure to MMA-SS, soluble Cr, or the mixture of all three metals before infection significantly increased bacterial lung burden and tissue damage when compared to control. Animals treated with NiO or Fe(2)O(3) did not differ from control. Animals pre-treated with soluble Cr had alterations in inflammation and in the production of different cytokines (TNFalpha, IL-6, IL-2, and IL-12) involved in lung immune responses. This study indicates that soluble Cr present in MMA-SS is likely the primary component responsible for the suppression of lung defense responses associated with stainless steel welding fumes.

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Section: Chemiluminescencementioning

confidence: 99%

Chromium in Stainless Steel Welding Fume Suppresses Lung Defense Responses Against Bacterial Infection in Rats

Antonini¹,

Roberts²

2007

Journal of Immunotoxicology

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“…Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid was recovered from the treated animals and analyzed for various indicators of injury and inflammation at 1, 3, 7, 14, and 35 d after instillation. The pulmonary responses to the welding fumes were compared to the responses to crystalline silica, a highly pneumotoxic, fibrogenic particle (Antonini et al, 1994), and iron oxide, a relatively inert particle (Beck et al, 1982), which served as positive and negative particle controls, respectively. Three welding fumes with vastly different metal profiles were collected for study.…”

Section: Animal Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pulmonary Responses to Welding Fumes: Role of Metal Constituents

Antonini

Taylor

Zimmer

et al. 2004

Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A

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195

117

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It is estimated that more than 1 million workers worldwide perform some type of welding as part of their work duties. Epidemiology studies have shown that a large number of welders experience some type of respiratory illness. Respiratory effects seen in full-time welders have included bronchitis, siderosis, asthma, and a possible increase in the incidence of lung cancer. Pulmonary infections are increased in terms of severity, duration, and frequency among welders. Inhalation exposure to welding fumes may vary due to differences in the materials used and methods employed. The chemical properties of welding fumes can be quite complex. Most welding materials are alloy mixtures of metals characterized by different steels that may contain iron, manganese, chromium, and nickel. Animal studies have indicated that the presence and combination of different metal constituents is an important determinant in the potential pneumotoxic responses associated with welding fumes. Animal models have demonstrated that stainless steel (SS) welding fumes, which contain significant levels of nickel and chromium, induce more lung injury and inflammation, and are retained in the lungs longer than mild steel (MS) welding fumes, which contain mostly iron. In addition, SS fumes generated from welding processes using fluxes to protect the resulting weld contain elevated levels of soluble metals, which may affect respiratory health. Recent animal studies have indicated that the lung injury and inflammation induced by SS welding fumes that contain water-soluble metals are dependent on both the soluble and insoluble fractions of the fume. This article reviews the role that metals play in the pulmonary effects associated with welding fume exposure in workers and laboratory animals.

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“…Luminol was used as an amplifier to enhance detection of the light, and 2 mg/mL of unopsonized zymosan (Sigma Chemical Company, St. Louis, MO) or 3 M phorbol myristate acetate (PMA; Sigma Chemical Company, St. Louis, MO) was added to the assay immediately before the measurement of CL to activate the cells. Because rat PMNs do not respond to unopsonized zymosan, the zymosan-stimulated CL produced is from AMs, whereas activation with the soluble stimulant PMA activates both PMNs and AMs to generate a reactive oxidant species [2]. Measurement of CL was done with an automated Berthold Autolumat LB 953 luminometer (Wallace, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD) for 15 min, and the integral of counts per minute (cpm) versus time was calculated.…”

Section: Chemiluminescencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…CL was measured according to the method of Antonini et al [2]. Luminol was used as an amplifier to enhance detection of the light, and 2 mg/mL of unopsonized zymosan (Sigma Chemical Company, St. Louis, MO) or 3 M phorbol myristate acetate (PMA; Sigma Chemical Company, St. Louis, MO) was added to the assay immediately before the measurement of CL to activate the cells.…”

Section: Chemiluminescencementioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of Silica Inhalation on the Pulmonary Clearance of a Bacterial Pathogen in Fischer 344 Rats

Antonini

Roberts

Yang

et al. 2000

Lung

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Silica inhalation predisposes workers to bacterial infection and impairments in pulmonary defense function. In this study, we evaluated the effect of pre-exposure to silica on lung defense mechanisms by use of a rat pulmonary Listeria monocytogenes infection model. Male Fischer 344 rats were exposed by inhalation to filtered air or silica (15 mg/m3 x 6 h/day x 5 days/wk). After 21 or 59 days of silica exposure, the rats were inoculated intratracheally with 5 x 10(3) L. monocytogenes. At 0 (noninfected controls), 3, and 7 days after infection, the left lungs were removed, homogenized, and the number of viable L. monocytogenes was counted after an overnight culture at 37 degrees C. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed on the right lungs. Alveolar macrophages (AM) were collected, and the AM production of chemiluminescence (CL), an index of reactive oxygen species generation, was measured. The number of lavagable neutrophils (PMNs) and acellular BAL lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity were determined as indices of inflammation and injury, respectively. Pre-exposure to silica for 59 days caused substantial increases in PMN number and LDH activity compared with the air controls, whereas silica inhalation for both 21 and 59 days significantly enhanced the pulmonary clearance of L. monocytogenes compared with air controls. Dramatic elevations were also observed in zymosan- and phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)-stimulated CL production by lung phagocytes recovered from rats pre-exposed to silica for 59 days. These results demonstrate that short-term exposure to inhaled silica particles activates lung phagocytes, as evidenced by increases in reactive oxygen species. This up-regulation in the production of antimicrobial oxidants is likely responsible for the enhancement in pulmonary clearance of L. monocytogenes observed with short-term silica inhalation.

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Introduction of Luminol-Dependent Chemiluminescence as a Method to Study Silica Inflammation in the Tissue and Phagocytic Cells of Rat Lung

Cited by 5 publications

References 11 publications

Chromium in Stainless Steel Welding Fume Suppresses Lung Defense Responses Against Bacterial Infection in Rats

Chromium in Stainless Steel Welding Fume Suppresses Lung Defense Responses Against Bacterial Infection in Rats

Pulmonary Responses to Welding Fumes: Role of Metal Constituents

Effect of Silica Inhalation on the Pulmonary Clearance of a Bacterial Pathogen in Fischer 344 Rats

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