Introduction of the pill and its impact

Tyrer, Louise B.

doi:10.1016/s0010-7824(98)00131-0

Cited by 42 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Early OC (pre-1980) prescriptions were characterized by high estrogen levels (typically z50 Ag estrogen); these levels have decreased over time (14,39,(48)(49)(50). Most women in our study population were in their 50s and 60s at the time of the study interview.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oral Contraceptive Use, Reproductive Factors, and Colorectal Cancer Risk: Findings from Wisconsin

Nichols

Trentham‐Dietz

Hampton

et al. 2005

Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &Amp; Prevention

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We investigated the association of oral contraceptive (OC) use and reproductive factors with colorectal cancer risk in a large population-based case-control study. Cases were women ages 20 to 74 years, living in Wisconsin, with a new diagnosis of colon (n = 1,122) or rectal (n = 366) cancer. Control participants were randomly selected from population lists of similarly aged female Wisconsin residents (n = 4,297). Risk factor information was collected through structured telephone interviews. Compared with never users, OC users had an odds ratio (OR) of 0.89 [95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.75-1.06] for colorectal cancer. OC use associations did not differ significantly between colon and rectal cancer sites; however, when compared with never users, recent OC users (<14 years) seemed at reduced risk of rectal cancer (OR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.28-1.00). Women with age at first birth older than the median (23 years) had 0.83 times the risk of colon cancer compared with women with age at first birth below the median (95% CI, 0.70-0.98). We observed an inverse trend between increasing parity and rectal cancer risk (P = 0.05). Compared with nulliparous women, women with five or more births had 0.66 times the risk of rectal cancer (95% CI, 0.43-1.02). Compared with postmenopausal women, premenopausal women were at reduced risk (OR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.47-0.97) of colorectal cancer. No significant associations were observed between colorectal cancer risk and age at menarche or age at menopause. These findings suggest differential roles of reproductive factors in colon and rectal cancer etiology.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oral Contraceptive Use, Reproductive Factors, and Colorectal Cancer Risk: Findings from Wisconsin

Nichols

Trentham‐Dietz

Hampton

et al. 2005

Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &Amp; Prevention

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“…Despite the large size of our study, the use of standardized instruments, and the wide range of oral contraceptive use characteristics reported, some limitations should be considered in interpreting our results. Early oral contraceptive prescriptions (pre-1977) were characterized by high estrogen levels (typically 50 Ag estrogen or more); these levels have decreased over time (15)(16)(17)(18)(19). Because most women in our study population were in their fifties and sixties at the time of the study interview, their oral contraceptive use may have included both high and low estrogen dose formulas.…”

Section: Oral Contraceptives and Breast Carcinoma In Situmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oral Contraceptive Use and Risk of Breast Carcinoma In situ

Nichols

Trentham‐Dietz

Egan

et al. 2007

Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &Amp; Prevention

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There is some indication that oral contraceptive use may be associated with a small increase in risk of invasive breast cancer; however, oral contraceptive use in relation to breast carcinoma in situ (BCIS) has rarely been studied. We investigated oral contraceptive use in relation to risk of BCIS in a large population-based case-control study. Female residents of Wisconsin, Massachusetts, and New Hampshire aged 20 to 74 years with a new diagnosis of BCIS (n = 1,878) were identified from statewide tumor registries in 1997 to 2001. Age-matched female controls (n = 8,041) were randomly selected from population lists. Information on oral contraceptive use and other risk factors was collected during structured telephone interviews. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were estimated using logistic regression. In multivariate models, ever use of oral contraceptives was associated with a small and marginally significant increase in BCIS overall (OR, 1.11; 95% CI, 0.99-1.25) and for ductal carcinoma in situ (OR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.01-1.31). No strong associations were detected according to age started, duration, time since first or last use, or oral contraceptive use relative to the first fullterm pregnancy. The slightly increased risk of BCIS seemed limited to former users (OR, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.00-1.27) and women without a family history of breast cancer (OR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.01-1.32 for ever versus never use). Consistent with invasive breast cancer, these results suggest that oral contraceptive use is at most a minor contributor to BCIS risk. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(11):2262 -8)

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“…The sexual revolution has also redefined high school students’ sexual behavior. Premarital sex and non-marital childbearing are more acceptable (Laumann, Gagnon, Michael, and Michaels 1994), birth control methods are better and widely available (Tyrer 1999), young people delay marriage (Fields and Casper 2001) and have sex earlier (O’Donnell, O’Donnell, and Stueve 2001), and there are fewer gender disparities in sexual behavior (Terry and Manlove 2000). Thus, most teenagers have sex with partners who are not future spouses before high school graduation (Laumann, Michael, Michaels, and Gagnon 2000), but utilize effective contraceptive methods to avoid non-marital parenthood (Alan Guttmacher Institute 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adolescents' Sexual Behavior and Academic Attainment

Frisco

2008

Sociol Educ

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High school students today have high ambitions but do not always make choices that maximize their likelihood of educational success. This is the motivation for investigating relationships between high school sexual behavior and two important academic attainment milestones: earning a high school diploma and enrollment in distinct postsecondary programs. Analysis of data from 7,915 National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988–1994 participants indicates that timing of sexual initiation, contraceptive nonuse, and parenthood all predict female and male students’ academic attainment. Furthermore, sexual behavior has more ramifications as attainment milestones become more competitive. These findings point to the importance of considering how students’ choices across multiple life domains influence academic attainment, an important predictor of adult socioeconomic opportunity.

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Introduction of the pill and its impact

Cited by 42 publications

References 10 publications

Oral Contraceptive Use, Reproductive Factors, and Colorectal Cancer Risk: Findings from Wisconsin

Oral Contraceptive Use, Reproductive Factors, and Colorectal Cancer Risk: Findings from Wisconsin

Oral Contraceptive Use and Risk of Breast Carcinoma In situ

Adolescents' Sexual Behavior and Academic Attainment

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