Introduction of through semen used for in vitro production of bovine embryos

Bacterial and fungal contamination risks in human oocyte and embryo cryopreservation: open versus closed vitrification systems

“…Aggregated ice and sediment may entrap viruses, bacteria, fungal spores, and debris, which pose a risk of microbial transmission to stored samples. Also, the exposure to pathogenic agents in infected samples may transmit infective agents from one sample to another if they are not sealed properly (21,22).…”

“…It should be acknowledged that some of the isolated bacteria may have been derived from laboratory contamination during oocyte and embryo processing for cryopreservation rather than genuinely being present within the sample. However, S. maltophilia is particularly relevant, because it can affect sperm motility and suppress embryonic development (8,21).…”

Alterações na morfologia e na viabilidade no desenvolvimento de embriões bovinos fecundados in vitro com sêmen contaminado experimentalmente à Escherichia coli produtora da toxina Shiga stx2

“…Esses resultados indicam que o espermatozoide pode atuar como vetor para a transmissão desse patógeno. Stringfellow et al (1997) descreveram um caso de uso acidental de sêmen contaminado criopreservado com Pseudomonas maltophilia na PIV de bovinos. Apesar do tratamento do sêmen por gradiente de Percoll® e da adição de antibióticos nos meios utilizados para PIV, a bactéria persistiu nos meios de cultivo e causou degeneração dos embriões.…”

Sanitary control in bovine embryo transfer How far should we go? A review

“…resulting from the donor). Stenotrophomonas maltophilia has been reported to be detrimental for embryo development in vitro (65) but data on in vivo effects are lacking.…”