Introduction of typhoid vaccine in the expanded immunization program of Pakistan

Aslam, Fahmida; Yang, Yue; Aziz, Majid

doi:10.1080/21645515.2020.1869496

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…In 2019, Pakistan became the first country to include typhoid vaccination (at the age of nine months) in the extended immunization program. A two-week mass vaccination campaign was launched in Sindh province in 2019, followed by similar campaigns in other provinces in 2021 and 2022 ( 19 , 39 , 40 ). Despite these efforts, vaccination rates in rural areas are poor due to cultural and religious stigmas associated with vaccines.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A pattern of antibiotic drug resistance of Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi among children with enteric fever in a tertiary care hospital in Lahore, Pakistan

Baig,

Mehdi,

Iftikhar

2023

Croat Med J

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Aim To establish the pattern of antibiotic resistance and assess the frequency of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) strains of Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi among children with enteric fever. Methods This cross-sectional study was carried out in the Department of Pediatrics, Sharif Medical City Hospital, Lahore, from July 2020 to January 2021. The study involved patients aged between 0 to 15 years who attended our outpatient department or were admitted to the ward with the suspicion of typhoid fever. A convenience sample of patients with blood cultures positive for S . Typhi and S . Paratyphi was enrolled. Results Of the 105 participants, 70 (66.7%) were male. The mean age was 8.48 ± 4.18 years, and the most affected age group was 6-10 years (n = 46, 43.8%). Among the cultured organisms, 95 (90.5%) isolates were S . Typhi and 10 (9.5%) were S . Paratyphi A. Antibiotic resistance was highest against ampicillin (n = 91, 86.7%), and all of the isolates were sensitive to imipenem and meropenem. Twenty-three (21.9%) cultured organisms were MDR and 54 (56.8%) were XDR. Conclusion An alarming antibiotic drug resistance pattern was observed among children with enteric fever in Lahore. The lowest resistance was noted for azithromycin, meropenem, and imipenem. Our findings warrant the immediate implementation of tailored antibiotic stewardship and infection control strategies.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A pattern of antibiotic drug resistance of Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi among children with enteric fever in a tertiary care hospital in Lahore, Pakistan

Baig,

Mehdi,

Iftikhar

2023

Croat Med J

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“…Three doses of the pentavalent vaccine which includes the combined diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis (DPT) antigens, Hepatitis B vaccine (HBV), and Haemophilus influenzae type b (HiB) vaccines, at 6, 10 and 14 weeks, three doses of the 10-valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (PCV10) at 6, 10 and 14 weeks, two doses of rotavirus vaccine at 6 and 10 weeks of age [1] . This is followed by two doses of measles at 9 and 15 months [12] . Recent changes to the schedule include, the switch from PCV10 to PCV13 vaccine, replacement of the measles vaccine with the measles rubella (MR) vaccine and introduction of the Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine (TCV) to be administered at 9 months.…”

Section: Epi Schedulementioning

confidence: 99%

Differential coverage for vaccines in the expanded program on immunization (EPI) among children in rural Pakistan

Shahid¹,

Ahmed²,

Qazi³

et al. 2023

Vaccine

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“…63 In response, Pakistan became the first country to introduce TCVs which was administered to millions of children in 2019. 64 Recent studies have demonstrated that single-dose of the TCV https://doi.org/10.2147/RRTM.S282461 DovePress was effective in children including against XDR-typhoid. 65 This result supports their future use, notably in countries with evolving and increasing evidence of AMR.…”

Section: Increasing Antibiotic Resistancementioning

confidence: 99%

The Burden of Typhoid Fever in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Perspective

Kim¹,

Espinoza²,

Vannice³

et al. 2022

RRTM

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While typhoid fever has largely been eliminated in high-income regions which have developed modern water, sanitation, and hygiene facilities, it remains a significant public health burden resulting in morbidity and mortality among millions of individuals in resource-constrained settings. Prevention and control efforts are needed that integrate several high-impact interventions targeting facilities and infrastructure, including those addressing improvements in sanitation, access to safe water, and planned urbanization, together with parallel efforts directed at effective strategies for use of typhoid conjugate vaccines (TCV). The use of TCVs is a critical tool with the potential of having a rapid impact on typhoid fever disease burden; their introduction will also serve as an important strategy to combat evolving antimicrobial resistance to currently available typhoid fever treatments. Well-designed epidemiological surveillance studies play a critical role in establishing the need for, and monitoring the impact of, typhoid fever control and prevention strategies implemented by public health authorities. Here, we present a perspective based on a narrative review of the impact of typhoid fever on morbidity and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa and discuss ongoing surveillance activities and the role of vaccination in prevention and control efforts.

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Introduction of typhoid vaccine in the expanded immunization program of Pakistan

Cited by 8 publications

References 3 publications

A pattern of antibiotic drug resistance of Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi among children with enteric fever in a tertiary care hospital in Lahore, Pakistan

A pattern of antibiotic drug resistance of Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi among children with enteric fever in a tertiary care hospital in Lahore, Pakistan

Differential coverage for vaccines in the expanded program on immunization (EPI) among children in rural Pakistan

The Burden of Typhoid Fever in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Perspective

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