Introduction—Overview on Plastic and Inorganic Scintillators

Dujardin, Christophe

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-73488-6_1

Cited by 12 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 129 publications

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“…23 Finally, for rapid industrial technology transfer and large-scale applications, it is essential that scintillators can be manufactured in large sizes and/or quantities using methods that are affordable in terms of both process energy and raw materials. 32 Recently, so-called nanocomposite scintillators based on high-Z scintillator nanocrystals (NC) embedded in polymeric matrices have emerged as promising alternatives to traditional materials, 33 such as inorganic scintillator crystals�which are prohibitively expensive and energy-intensive and cannot be produced in large sizes/volumes 19 �or plastic scintillators, 34 which can be produced cheaply in large sizes and customized shapes but are radiation-soft 22 and have lower energy resolution. 35 By exploiting the efficient and fast scintillation of NCs 36,37 in combination with the flexibility of plastic fabrication, nanocomposite scintillators hold promise to bridge the gap between the single crystal and plastic approaches, thus enabling a leap forward in radiation detection schemes.…”

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confidence: 99%

Ultrafast and Radiation-Hard Lead Halide Perovskite Nanocomposite Scintillators

Erroi,

Mecca,

Zaffalon

et al. 2023

ACS Energy Lett.

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The use of scintillators for the detection of ionizing radiation is a critical aspect in many fields, including medicine, nuclear monitoring, and homeland security. Recently, lead halide perovskite nanocrystals (LHP-NCs) have emerged as promising scintillator materials. However, the difficulty of affordably upscaling synthesis to the multigram level and embedding NCs in optical-grade nanocomposites without compromising their optical properties still limits their widespread use. In addition, fundamental aspects of the scintillation mechanisms are not fully understood, leaving the scientific community without suitable fabrication protocols and rational guidelines for the full exploitation of their potential. In this work, we realize large polyacrylate nanocomposite scintillators based on CsPbBr3 NCs, which are synthesized via a novel room temperature, low waste turbo-emulsification approach, followed by their in situ transformation during the mass polymerization process. The interaction between NCs and polymer chains strengthens the scintillator structure, homogenizes the particle size distribution and passivates NC defects, resulting in nanocomposite prototypes with luminescence efficiency >90%, exceptional radiation hardness, 4800 ph/MeV scintillation yield even at low NC loading, and ultrafast response time, with over 30% of scintillation occurring in the first 80 ps, promising for fast-time applications in precision medicine and high-energy physics. Ultrafast radioluminescence and optical spectroscopy experiments using pulsed synchrotron light further disambiguate the origin of the scintillation kinetics as the result of charged-exciton and multiexciton recombination formed under ionizing excitation. This highlights the role of nonradiative Auger decay, whose potential impact on fast timing applications we anticipate via a kinetic model.

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confidence: 99%

Ultrafast and Radiation-Hard Lead Halide Perovskite Nanocomposite Scintillators

Erroi,

Mecca,

Zaffalon

et al. 2023

ACS Energy Lett.

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“…Each elemental brick was individually examined to allow a better understanding on possible limitations or improvements. Polystyrene or poly(vinyltoluene) were considered as the polymer building block since they are very well-known polymers and are the ones used in the composition of almost all commercial plastic scintillators [1]. No other polymers were considered in this study.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is the place where material chemists step in, at least in the world of nuclear instrumentation. Among the possible emission-wavelength variations of scintillators, red emitters are probably the ones with less demand [1]. Everybody knows and uses scintillators with standard emission wavelength, that is to say emitting close to 425 nm.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Progress in Fast and Red Plastic Scintillators

Hamel

2022

Chemosensors

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Radiological detection where Cherenkov residual background can be prominent requires scintillators with increased emission wavelength. Cherenkov residual background precludes the use of UV-emitting sensors such as plastic scintillators. However, the literature is scarce in red-emitting plastic scintillators and only one commercial scintillator is currently available (BC-430, from Saint-Gobain Crystals and Detectors). In addition, X-ray imaging or time-of-flight positron emission tomography (ToF-PET) applications are also demanding on this type (color) of scintillators, but such applications also require that the material displays a fast response, which is not particularly the case for BC-430. We present herein our latest developments in the preparation and characterization of fast and red plastic scintillators for this application. Here, ‘fast’ means nanosecond range decay time and ‘red’ is an emission wavelength shifted towards more than 550 nm. At first, the strategy to the preparation of such material is explained by decomposing the scintillator to fundamental elements. Each stage is then optimized in terms of decay time response, then the elemental bricks are arranged to give plastic scintillator formulations that are compatible with the abovementioned characteristics. The results are compared with the red-emissive BC-430 commercial plastic, and the ultra-fast, violet-emitting BC-422Q 1% plastic. In particular, the first-time use of trans-4-dimethylamino-4′-nitrostilbene in the scintillation field as a red wavelength shifter allowed preparing plastic scintillators with the following properties: λemmax 554 nm, photoluminescence decay time 4.2 ns, and light output ≈ 6100 ph/MeV. This means a scintillator almost as bright as BC-430 but at least three times faster. This new sensor might provide useful properties for nuclear instrumentation.

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“…In plastic scintillator with wavelength-shifter, the emission wavelength is approximately about 380 -640 nm [8,13]. In the commercial plastic scintillator with polyvinyltoluene based such as BC 408 and BC 412 (Saint Gobain Crystal) the wavelength of maximum emission are 425 nm and 434 nm, respectively [14].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fabrication of Plastic Scintillator Using Polystyrene Matrix Based

Nuri

Pancoko

Jami

et al. 2022

SPEKTRA

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Experiments on making a plastic scintillator with polystyrene as a base material mixed with fluorescent compounds (primary and secondary dopants) have been performed. Primary dopants (PTP) used to produce emission at wavelengths of visible light and secondary dopants (POPOP) to shift the visible wavelengths to wavelengths that could be detected by Photomultiplier Tube (PMT) ) were carried out. Experiments were performed on the melting points condition of these materials, which had previously been subjected to a thermo-mechanical analysis using a Thermogravimetric Analysis-Differential Scanning Calorimetry (TGA-DSC) machine, where the melting point was in the range of 200-240°C. Furthermore, the fabrication was carried out using the extrusion technique, where polystyrene pellets mixed with PTP (1.5% by weight) and POPOP (0.05% by weight) were fed into an extrusion machine which has four hot areas to obtain a thin plate plastic scintillator. The plates were then analyzed with a UV-Vis Spectrophotometer to determine the absorption spectrum and Fluorescence Spectrophotometer to determine the emission spectrum. From the results of the analysis, it was found that the samples that went through scintillation pellets and without the addition of antioxidants had absorption spectrum data of 330 nm and emission spectrum of 421 nm. These values are in accordance with the characteristics of plastic scintillators on the market.

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Introduction—Overview on Plastic and Inorganic Scintillators

Cited by 12 publications

References 129 publications

Ultrafast and Radiation-Hard Lead Halide Perovskite Nanocomposite Scintillators

Ultrafast and Radiation-Hard Lead Halide Perovskite Nanocomposite Scintillators

Progress in Fast and Red Plastic Scintillators

Fabrication of Plastic Scintillator Using Polystyrene Matrix Based

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