Introduction to chemical warfare agents, relevant simulants and modern neutralisation methods

Picard, Baptiste; Chataigner, Isabelle; Maddaluno, Jacques

doi:10.1039/c9ob00802k

Cited by 93 publications

(95 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…Remarkably, C-PAC750 (1:2) showed the highest N 2 adsorption amount, which can be attributed to the stepwise filling of micro-, meso-and macropores with N 2 at different relative pressure. Compared with CS750, a K 2 CO 3 /chitosan ratio of 1:2 resulted in a significant increase of the BET(Brunauer-Emmett-Teller) surface area and the total pore volume from 57 to 2850 m 2 •g −1 and from 0.09 to 1.48 cm 3 •g −1 , respectively. However, at higher K 2 CO 3 /chitosan ratios, the surface area decreased.…”

Section: Chatacterization Of C-pac Samplesmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Nerve agents are one of the most toxic classes of chemical warfare agents (CWAs) [1,2]. In particular, organophosphorus molecules possessing P-X bonds (X = F, CN, and SR) inhibit acetylcholinesterase, the key enzyme involved in neuronal signaling [3]. Despite the international ban on their use, various nerve agents are still deployed in modern chemical warfare.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Chitosan-Derived Porous Activated Carbon for the Removal of the Chemical Warfare Agent Simulant Dimethyl Methylphosphonate

Son

Yoo

et al. 2019

Nanomaterials

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Methods for the rapid removal of chemical warfare agents are of critical importance. In this work, a porous activated carbon material (C-PAC) was prepared from chitosan flakes via single-step potassium carbonate (K2CO3) activation for the prompt adsorption of dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP). C-PAC samples were prepared using different carbonization temperatures (350, 550, and 750 °C) at a constant K2CO3/chitosan ratio (1:2) and using different activator ratios (K2CO3/chitosan ratios of 1:0.5, 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3) at 750 °C. Furthermore, we evaluated the effect of preparation conditions on the adsorption capacities of the various C-PAC materials for DMMP under ambient conditions (25 °C). Notably, for the C-PAC material prepared at 750 °C using a K2CO3/chitosan ratio of 1:2, the DMMP adsorption was saturated at approximately 412 mg·g−1 carbon after 48 h. The good performance of this material makes it a potential candidate for use in remedial applications or protective gear.

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Section: Chatacterization Of C-pac Samplesmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chitosan-Derived Porous Activated Carbon for the Removal of the Chemical Warfare Agent Simulant Dimethyl Methylphosphonate

Son

Yoo

et al. 2019

Nanomaterials

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“…The major products from sarin hydrolysis are iso ‐propyl methylphosphonic acid and hydrogen fluoride (HF). In fact, the hydrolysis of the G‐ and V‐series in the presence of inorganic bases, small‐molecule organic bases, polymeric bases, or metal–organic frameworks into nontoxic products is currently an active area of research …”

Section: Stability Of Nerve Agent Simulantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Challenges in Fluorescence Detection of Chemical Warfare Agent Vapors Using Solid‐State Films

et al. 2019

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Organophosphorus (OP)‐based nerve agents are extremely toxic and potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and recent attacks involving nerve agents highlight the need for fast detection and intervention. Fluorescence‐based detection, where the sensing material undergoes a chemical reaction with the agent causing a measurable change in the luminescence, is one method for sensing and identifying nerve agents. Most studies use the simulants diethylchlorophosphate and di‐iso‐propylfluorophosphate to evaluate the performance of sensors due to their reduced toxicity relative to OP nerve agents. While detection of nerve agent simulants in solution is relatively widely reported, there are fewer reports on vapor detection using solid‐state sensors. Herein, progress in organic semiconductor sensing materials developed for solid‐state detection of OP‐based nerve agent vapors is reviewed. The effect of acid impurities arising from the hydrolysis of simulants and nerve agents on the efficacy and selectivity of the reported sensing materials is also discussed. Indeed, in some cases it is unclear whether it is the simulant that is detected or the acid hydrolysis products. Finally, it is highlighted that while analyte diffusion into the sensing film is critical in the design of fast, responsive sensing systems, it is an area that is currently not well studied.

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“…Organophosphates (OPs) are organophosphorus compounds that contain the O=P(OR) 3 functional group and they have been widely used in the agricultural sector as pesticides [1,2]. Many of OPs can be toxic to human and animals, including insects and parasites, and the structure of OPs are also related to the chemical warfare agents (CWAs), such as sarin, VX, GA, and GB [3]. There has been a great interest in developing efficient technique of decontamination of harmful OPs from water, soil, and air.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Positive Effects of Impregnation of Fe-oxide in Mesoporous Al-Oxides on the Decontamination of Dimethyl Methylphosphonate

et al. 2019

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Dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) is an important simulant of organophosphates pesticides and chemical warfare nerve agents. Here, we investigated the catalytic decontamination of DMMP on Fe-oxide impregnated mesoporous Al2O3. Fe-oxide/Al2O3 sample was prepared via the temperature regulated chemical vapor deposition of Fe-oxide on mesoporous Al2O3 and post-annealing at 750 °C. The Fe-oxide/Al2O3 and bare Al2O3 samples were exposed to DMMP-containing dry air at room temperature to study the effects of Fe-oxide impregnation on the reactive adsorption of DMMP. The facilitation of DMMP degradation into CO2 and methanol at room temperature in the presence of nano-dispersed Fe-oxide was evidenced by gas-chromatograph and Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) absorption spectroscopy. In addition, temperature programmed oxidation (TPO) experiments and gas chromatography (Agilent, 6890) equipped with mass spectrometer (Agilent, 5973N) (GC/MS) analyses revealed that the minimum temperature that was required for total oxidation of DMMP into CO2 can also be lowered by Fe-oxide impregnation in mesoporous Al2O3.

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Introduction to chemical warfare agents, relevant simulants and modern neutralisation methods

Abstract: This short review presents the current main chemical warfare agents and their most relevant simulants, and the recent catalytic and selective methods for their soft neutralization, potentially usable in the future as an alternative to “heavy” methods for decontamination.

Cited by 93 publications

References 52 publications

Chitosan-Derived Porous Activated Carbon for the Removal of the Chemical Warfare Agent Simulant Dimethyl Methylphosphonate

Chitosan-Derived Porous Activated Carbon for the Removal of the Chemical Warfare Agent Simulant Dimethyl Methylphosphonate

Challenges in Fluorescence Detection of Chemical Warfare Agent Vapors Using Solid‐State Films

Positive Effects of Impregnation of Fe-oxide in Mesoporous Al-Oxides on the Decontamination of Dimethyl Methylphosphonate

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