Introduction to Cyanobacteria and Cyanotoxins

Cruz, Armah A. de la; Chernoff, Neill; Sinclair, James L.; Hill, Donna; Diggs, Deacqunita L.; Lynch, Arthur T.

doi:10.1002/9781118928677.ch1

Cited by 11 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 175 publications

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“…Previous research has shown that these cyanobacteria contain the neurotoxin BMAA, as well as secondary metabolites known as microcystins, which have a very strong toxicity. These toxins can accumulate in the food chain, leading to biological amplification and potential harm to aquatic ecosystems (de la Cruz et al., 2020). Additionally, Escherichia‐Shigella, a type of Proteus, can cause gut inflammation by penetrating epithelial cells and inducing macrophage apoptosis, ultimately releasing IL‐1 (Yu et al., 2023).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of host development and density stress on the diversity of microbial communities in the gut and its surrounding environment of the Chinese alligator

Wang,

Li,

Liu

et al. 2024

Ecology and Evolution

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The Chinese alligator (Alligator sinensis) is currently an endangered species due to a combination of factors, including climate change, anthropogenic activities, and habitat fragmentation. Captivity plays a crucial role in mitigating the decline of the Chinese alligator population. Currently, there is a lack of clarity regarding the influence of host development and captive conditions on the gut microbiota of Chinese alligators. The aim of the study was to investigate the gut bacterial communities of Chinese alligators and their surrounding environmental bacterial communities using 16S rRNA sequencing. The primary gut flora of Chinese alligators consists of Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Firmicutes. Proteobacteria is the most abundant and efficient settler in the gut, water, and sediment. PCoA and Adonis test revealed significant differences in bacterial communities across these habitats. Venn analysis revealed overlap in OTUs among the gut, water, and sediment, varying with growth stage and density stress. Different growth stages of Chinese alligator guts harbor distinct pathogenic bacteria, requiring attention. Density stress leads to an increase in pathogenic bacteria, a decrease in gut absorption efficiency. PICRUst2 predicts more abundant metabolic pathways related to gut function during high‐density stress, possibly linked to Roseburia. SourceTracker Analysis indicated that water bacteria have a greater impact on Chinese alligator gut bacteria than sediment, and density stress significantly affects the contribution of environmental microorganisms to the gut microbes of Chinese alligator. BugBase analysis identified water body microbes as the main source of “potentially pathogenic” phenotypes in the gut microbiota. RDA analysis found dissolved oxygen (DO) in water to be the most significant factor influencing water microorganisms, positively correlated with certain pathogenic strains. These findings enhance our understanding of the significance of microbial communities in the gut and surrounding aquatic environment of the Chinese alligator. Furthermore, they provide theoretical support for environmental regulation, disease control, and healthy breeding.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of host development and density stress on the diversity of microbial communities in the gut and its surrounding environment of the Chinese alligator

Wang,

Li,

Liu

et al. 2024

Ecology and Evolution

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“…Heavy metals, dangerous to both people and aquatic life, are among the pollutants that chemical plants frequently produce. Additionally, agricultural practices can lead to a rise in contaminants like pesticides and fertilizers, which can lower the quality of water bodies by raising the likelihood of cyanobacterial growth [ 110 , 111 , 112 , 113 , 114 , 115 , 116 ].…”

Section: Cyanobacteria Diffusion and Spreads In Water Bodiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding the Risks of Diffusion of Cyanobacteria Toxins in Rivers, Lakes, and Potable Water

Thawabteh,

Naseef,

Karaman

et al. 2023

Toxins

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Blue-green algae, or cyanobacteria, may be prevalent in our rivers and tap water. These minuscule bacteria can grow swiftly and form blooms in warm, nutrient-rich water. Toxins produced by cyanobacteria can pollute rivers and streams and harm the liver and nervous system in humans. This review highlights the properties of 25 toxin types produced by 12 different cyanobacteria genera. The review also covered strategies for reducing and controlling cyanobacteria issues. These include using physical or chemical treatments, cutting back on fertilizer input, algal lawn scrubbers, and antagonistic microorganisms for biocontrol. Micro-, nano- and ultrafiltration techniques could be used for the removal of internal and extracellular cyanotoxins, in addition to powdered or granular activated carbon, ozonation, sedimentation, ultraviolet radiation, potassium permanganate, free chlorine, and pre-treatment oxidation techniques. The efficiency of treatment techniques for removing intracellular and extracellular cyanotoxins is also demonstrated. These approaches aim to lessen the risks of cyanobacterial blooms and associated toxins. Effective management of cyanobacteria in water systems depends on early detection and quick action. Cyanobacteria cells and their toxins can be detected using microscopy, molecular methods, chromatography, and spectroscopy. Understanding the causes of blooms and the many ways for their detection and elimination will help the management of this crucial environmental issue.

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“…There are several types of cyanotoxins according to their target organ. The main toxins groups are hepatotoxins, cytotoxins, neurotoxins, dermatoxins, and irritant toxins [24]. Among cyanotoxins, microcystins (MCs) are the most studied and known because of their prevalence and toxicity, but cylindrospermopsin (CYN) is becoming increasingly relevant worldwide due to its wide distribution, bioaccumulation capacity, and toxic effects.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[37]. Concerning the mechanisms of action, CYN is well known by its inhibition of protein and glutathione synthesis, induction of oxidative stress, and cytochrome P450 seems to mediate its toxicity [24]. Its pro-genotoxic activity has also been studied [38] and its genotoxicity has been demonstrated in vitro and in vivo [39,40].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential Endocrine Disruption of Cyanobacterial Toxins, Microcystins and Cylindrospermopsin: A Review

Casas-Rodríguez

Cameán

Jos

2022

Toxins

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Microcystins (MCs) and cylindrospermopsin (CYN), although classified as hepatotoxins and cytotoxins, respectively, have been shown to also induce toxic effects in many other systems and organs. Among them, their potential endocrine disruption (ED) activity has been scarcely investigated. Considering the increasing relevance of ED on humans, mammals, and aquatic organisms, this work aimed to review the state-of-the-art regarding the toxic effects of MCs and CYN at this level. It has been evidenced that MCs have been more extensively investigated than CYN. Reported results are contradictory, with the presence or absence of effects, but experimental conditions also vary to a great extent. In general, both toxins have shown ED activity mediated by very different mechanisms, such as estrogenic responses via a binding estrogen receptor (ER), pathological changes in several organs and cells (testis, ovarian cells), and a decreased gonad-somatic index. Moreover, toxic effects mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS), changes in transcriptional responses on several endocrine axes and steroidogenesis-related genes, and changes in hormone levels have also been reported. Further research is required in a risk assessment frame because official protocols for assessment of endocrine disrupters have not been used. Moreover, the use of advanced techniques would aid in deciphering cyanotoxins dose-response relationships in relation to their ED potential.

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Introduction to Cyanobacteria and Cyanotoxins

Cited by 11 publications

References 175 publications

The impact of host development and density stress on the diversity of microbial communities in the gut and its surrounding environment of the Chinese alligator

The impact of host development and density stress on the diversity of microbial communities in the gut and its surrounding environment of the Chinese alligator

Understanding the Risks of Diffusion of Cyanobacteria Toxins in Rivers, Lakes, and Potable Water

Potential Endocrine Disruption of Cyanobacterial Toxins, Microcystins and Cylindrospermopsin: A Review

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