Introduction to Diabetes Mellitus

Kaul, Kirti; Tarr, Joanna M.; Ahmad, Shamim; Kohner, Eva M.; Chibber, Rakesh

doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-5441-0_1

Cited by 203 publications

(159 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…It is known that diabetic patients often have impaired immune functions (116), and this may outweigh the increased resistance of cells to the action of the toxin, providing other routes through which the adverse effects of S. pneumoniae could occur. Alternatively, the reduced hemolytic activity of PLY in individuals with diabetes may favor the initial survival and proliferation of S. pneumoniae in the blood.…”

Section: Susceptibility Of Rbcs From Individuals Withmentioning

confidence: 99%

Red Blood Cell Susceptibility to Pneumolysin

Bokori-Brown

Petrov

Khafaji

et al. 2016

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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This study investigated the effect of the biochemical and biophysical properties of the plasma membrane as well as membrane morphology on the susceptibility of human red blood cells to the cholesterol-dependent cytolysin pneumolysin, a key virulence factor of Streptococcus pneumoniae, using single cell studies. We show a correlation between the physical properties of the membrane (bending rigidity and surface and dipole electrostatic potentials) and the susceptibility of red blood cells to pneumolysin-induced hemolysis. We demonstrate that biochemical modifications of the membrane induced by oxidative stress, lipid scrambling, and artificial cell aging modulate the cell response to the toxin. We provide evidence that the diversity of response to pneumolysin in diabetic red blood cells correlates with levels of glycated hemoglobin and that the mechanical properties of the red blood cell plasma membrane are altered in diabetes. Finally, we show that diabetic red blood cells are more resistant to pneumolysin and the related toxin perfringolysin O relative to healthy red blood cells. Taken together, these studies indicate that the diversity of cell response to pneumolysin within a population of human red blood cells is influenced by the biophysical and biochemical status of the plasma membrane and the chemical and/or oxidative stress pre-history of the cell.The interaction of toxins with their target cells is generally characterized by a dose-response curve that is sigmoidal in shape (1). This shape is taken to reflect the differing susceptibilities of individual cells within the population. The fact that red blood cells (RBCs), with their less developed glycocalyx compared with other cell types (2), exhibit such a response is evidence that the initial interaction between the toxin and the plasma membrane is subject to, and probably the main determinant of, such variability. Therefore, it is important to understand the biochemical and biophysical factors affecting toxin-membrane interactions and the resulting variability of susceptibility within the same cell population.Individual RBCs within a population differ significantly (3) with respect to their shape, volume, and surface area. Some of these changes are related to cell age, due to the variety of mechanical and chemical stresses that an RBC undergoes in its life span of ϳ120 days (4, 5), and others can be associated with diseases, such as diabetes and with acute conditions, such as sepsis, among many others (6), and thus are likely to be present in the membranes of many other cell types.Previous work on bulk cell preparations revealed that in addition to its normal discocytic shape, the RBC at rest can assume a variety of other distinct shapes, such as echinocytes and acanthocytes, characterized by exterior projections, and stomatocytes with cup-shaped invaginations (7). Many of these unusual shapes appear in normal blood at a frequency of about 1%. However, during blood bank storage and in many inflammatory, degenerative, and microvascular disorders, the frequ...

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Section: Susceptibility Of Rbcs From Individuals Withmentioning

confidence: 99%

Red Blood Cell Susceptibility to Pneumolysin

Bokori-Brown

Petrov

Khafaji

et al. 2016

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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“…SOD activity in the studied tissues remained unchanged during diabetes and was not affected by insulin therapy. A strong negative correlation between nociceptive threshold in rats and catalase activity in their liver and skeletal muscles was found.Diabetes mellitus (DM) and its complications is a global public health problem [10]. In accordance to modern views, long-term hyperglycemia leading to elevation of free radical content due to changes in glucose metabolism, enhanced beta-oxidation of fatty acids, and activity of protein kinase C, as well as decompartmentalization of transition metals can be the main cause of oxidative stress in DM.…”

mentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Diabetes mellitus (DM) and its complications is a global public health problem [10]. In accordance to modern views, long-term hyperglycemia leading to elevation of free radical content due to changes in glucose metabolism, enhanced beta-oxidation of fatty acids, and activity of protein kinase C, as well as decompartmentalization of transition metals can be the main cause of oxidative stress in DM.…”

mentioning

confidence: 93%

Relationships between Mechanical Nociceptive Threshold and Activity of Antioxidant Enzymes in Male Rats with Experimental Type I Diabetes Mellitus

2016

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We analyzed the dynamics of neuropathic pain development and changes in catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in the brain, liver, and skeletal muscles of male Wistar rats with 1-month streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus. A decrease in mechanical nociceptive threshold was revealed that progressed during the disease progress. Insulin treatment restored nociceptive threshold in diabetic animals to the control values. Catalase activity in the liver and skeletal muscles of diabetic rats increased by 1.5 and 2 times, respectively, in comparison with the control, while insulin treatment reduced enzyme activity to the control level. In the brain, catalase activity was reduced by 1.5 times and insulin therapy did affect this parameter. SOD activity in the studied tissues remained unchanged during diabetes and was not affected by insulin therapy. A strong negative correlation between nociceptive threshold in rats and catalase activity in their liver and skeletal muscles was found.

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“…That metabolic disorder results in severe and long-term diabetic problem, which are responsible for early death and disability. 1 Diabetes leads to decompose body proteins that cause secondary complications such as affecting eyes, kidneys, nerves and arteries. Diabetes is an important multi-factorial chronic metabolic disorder, which has widespread complications; it associated with a lifetime damage, dysfunction and failure of various organs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antidiabetic Plants in Traditional Medicines: A Review

Rani¹,

Arora²,

Goyal³

2017

Int. Res. J. Pharm.

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Plant extracts and their constituents are one of the potential approaches those are used for the prevention and treatment of a huge number of disorders. Herbal products and food supplements are the chief components of plant extracts, those are helpful in retaining healthiness, performing against a range of diseases and they support the quality of being. Diabetes mellitus is, a multi-factorial chronic metabolic ailment causes high blood glucose level, one of them. The systematic researches of traditional herbal therapies for diabetes give precious leads for the progress of alternative medicines and therapeutic approaches. Alternatives are evidently required due to the incapability of modern approaches to organize all of the pathological aspects of diabetes, and the poor availability and high cost of existing therapies for several country population. This review summarizes traditional plants with verified antidiabetic potential in pre-clinical and clinical studies for synergistic management of diabetes.

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Introduction to Diabetes Mellitus

Cited by 203 publications

References 29 publications

Red Blood Cell Susceptibility to Pneumolysin

Red Blood Cell Susceptibility to Pneumolysin

Relationships between Mechanical Nociceptive Threshold and Activity of Antioxidant Enzymes in Male Rats with Experimental Type I Diabetes Mellitus

Antidiabetic Plants in Traditional Medicines: A Review

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