“…High-quality semiconductor thin films form the basis of numerous electronic technologies today, made possible by a wide variety of thin-film deposition techniques that rely overwhelmingly on vacuum methods . Large-area electronics (sensors, displays, photovoltaics, and other optoelectronics) have tested the limits of these vacuum technologies, where the advantages of high purity and crystallinity can begin to be countered by deficiencies in large-area nonuniformity, high cost, low throughput and low materials utilization . As the demands for clean renewable energy and large-area electronics increase, the development of scalable film deposition technologies is paramount.…”