Introduction to the Role of Energy in Agriculture

Stanhill, G.

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-69784-5_1

Cited by 2 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…Energy analysis is related to the determination of commercial energy employed during the defined process to produce a service or good [23,24] without considering renewable energy flows [25]. It considers the direct and indirect fossil energy flows.…”

Section: Energy Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

The Influence of the Use of Windrowers in Baler Machinery on the Energy Balance during Pruned Biomass Harvesting in the Apple Orchard

Dyjakon

2018

Energies

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The effective operation of machinery in agricultural processes is crucial in terms of energy efficiency, economic consequences, and environmental footprint. The agricultural sector provides many opportunities to bring biomass to the market. An interesting option is to collect the branches after a regular pruning of apple orchards in the winter-spring season. As the harvesting of pruning residues in apple orchards for energy purposes demands additional primary energy, any measures that increase the amount of collected biomass are desirable. In this study, the influence of pruning harvesting using a baler with and without windrowers on pruning biomass yield, energy input and output flow, energy balance, CO 2 emission reduction, and costs of that operation in apple orchards was investigated. The performed analysis, based on the results from two apple orchards, revealed that the energy balance was positive for both variants. However, in comparison with the harvesting process without windrowers, the use of windrowers in these two orchards caused an increase in pruning biomass yield by 0.45 tDM·ha −1 per year (25%) and 0.54 tDM·ha −1 per year (33%), respectively. The energy balance increased up by ca. 0.8-1.0 GJ·ha −1 , although the fuel consumption by the tractor was higher. The use of windrowers did not significantly increase the costs, but resulted in remarkably better income from biomass selling (ca. €30-40 ha −1 ). Finally, the increase in the mass of harvested biomass led to a higher potential CO 2 emission reduction. As a result, pruning biomass is an attractive source of energy, especially for local markets.Energies 2018, 11, 3236 2 of 15 than 60% of the current renewable energy production in the EU-28, and the majority is sourced from solid biomass [5]. Due to the numerous advantages of using biomass, much attention has been paid to developing advanced technologies to enable its conversion to energy and fuels. The main source of solid biomass is forestry [6], but significant amounts are produced by agriculture as well, including energy crops and agricultural residues [7]. Agricultural residues can be divided into three main groups: primary crop residues, secondary crop residues, and animal farming residues. Primary crops residues are produced on the field (like straw, prunings, and other cuttings). Secondary crop residues are generated during processing of harvested products (like pomace or sunflower husks). Animal farming residues are produced during animal breeding (like manure).Primary crops residues require collection using suitable machinery [8,9]. Agriculture residues are generally collected in the form of round bales, square bales, or in their chopped form [10]. As a result, there is a demand for additional energy for recovery, harvesting, processing, storage, and transportation to prepare such biomass for energy purposes [11,12]. The limited season for harvesting crop residues results in seasonal supply of agriculture-based biomass [13]. Among the crop residues, the seasonal pruning of fruit orchards r...

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Section: Energy Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

The Influence of the Use of Windrowers in Baler Machinery on the Energy Balance during Pruned Biomass Harvesting in the Apple Orchard

Dyjakon

2018

Energies

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“…It should be noted before proceeding to a discussion of the model that will be used that there is not a consensus that relative energy prices affect energy choices in agriculture. As noted above, Carter and Youde (1974) intimate that this is not so as does Stanhill (1984). Connor (1977) and Gavett (1981), on the other hand, find that there is some theoretical likelihood of energy substitution (although they fail to provide any empirical support for their suppositions).…”

Section: Agriculture Irrigation and Energy Usementioning

confidence: 97%

“…Events over the past one and a half decades have caused consumers everywhere to become acutely aware of the need for an adjustment in the pattern of consumption of energy. This is true of agriculture as well as of other sectors in the economy (Connor, 1977;Lockeretz, 1985;Stanhill, 1984). Although the quantitative nature and extent of this adjustment has been fairly well documented for most sectors in the USA (Bohi, 1981;Jorgenson, 1976;Uri, 1982), data limitations have, in general, hindered any intensive (or extensive) examination of this issue for the agricultural sector in general or for a specific agricultural use (e.g.…”

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confidence: 99%

The demand for energy for irrigation in the USA

Uri¹

1990

Int. J. Energy Res.

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There seems to be some question concerning the relationship between irrigation and the price of energy. Did changes in the price of energy actually impact irrigation in the USA? Additionally, the substitution between alternative types of energy seems to be a possibility for irrigation. Whether in fact it occurred is another matter. In this study, an appropriate model is developed and estimated to address the issues. The specific energy types considered include motor gasoline, diesel fuel, liquefied petroleum gas, natural gas and electrical energy. The results for 1978 and for 1980 clearly indicate that energy use for irrigation is responsive to the price of energy. Additionally, some substitution between energy types took place during this period. Finally, when the question of the stability of the demand for the various energy types is addressed, the suggestion is that the demand for the energy types considered was stable for the 1978 and 1980 periods.

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Introduction to the Role of Energy in Agriculture

Cited by 2 publications

References 4 publications

The Influence of the Use of Windrowers in Baler Machinery on the Energy Balance during Pruned Biomass Harvesting in the Apple Orchard

The Influence of the Use of Windrowers in Baler Machinery on the Energy Balance during Pruned Biomass Harvesting in the Apple Orchard

The demand for energy for irrigation in the USA

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