“…The period encompassing pregnancy and the first two years after birth -the perinatal period- has also been termed ‘the first 1000 days’ or ‘the first 1001 critical days’. Furthermore, preclinical, epidemiological, and clinical studies indicate that perinatal adaptations to adverse environmental factors (e.g., parental psychosocial stress, health problems, unhealthy life style factors, toxic chemicals, air pollution) and to promotive factors (e.g., parental resilience, health, stable and supportive context, green space), in interaction with genetic susceptibility and timing, intensity and duration of the exposure, may influence offspring endocrine, immune, metabolic, microbiome, and other biological systems, which in turn can affect offspring neurobehavioral development [5 ▪ ,6–13].…”