“…This argument echoes findings in the ASEAN centrality literature. However, we want to emphasise that ASEAN's efforts to establish an amicable environment for the free exchange of views between states should not be taken for granted given the mistrust between states in tense negotiations in the non-proliferation area and the high stakes involved (Qiao-Franco, 2023). Despite criticism for its tendency towards avoiding rather than confronting contentious issues, the ASEAN Way is a practical option for regional states to keep deliberations alive, which may eventually lead to awareness of and sympathy for ASEAN positions.…”