Introduction — Troia and the Natural Sciences

Korfmann, Manfred

doi:10.1007/978-3-662-05308-9_1

Cited by 8 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…It is well known that during this period, Northwest Anatolia developed a complex society that engaged in widespread Aegean trade referred to as "Maritime Troia culture," involving both the western Anatolian mainland and several of the large islands in the eastern Aegean, Chios, Lemnos and Lesbos (Korfmann 1996). Another J2 component is intriguing.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia

et al. 2004

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Analysis of 89 biallelic polymorphisms in 523 Turkish Y chromosomes revealed 52 distinct haplotypes with considerable haplogroup substructure, as exemplified by their respective levels of accumulated diversity at ten short tandem repeat (STR) loci. The major components (haplogroups E3b, G, J, I, L, N, K2, and R1; 94.1%) are shared with European and neighboring Near Eastern populations and contrast with only a minor share of haplogroups related to Central Asian (C, Q and O; 3.4%), Indian (H, R2; 1.5%) and African (A, E3*, E3a; 1%) affinity. The expansion times for 20 haplogroup assemblages was estimated from associated STR diversity. This comprehensive characterization of Y-chromosome heritage addresses many multifaceted aspects of Anatolian prehistory, including: (1) the most frequent haplogroup, J, splits into two sub-clades, one of which (J2) shows decreasing variances with increasing latitude, compatible with a northward expansion; (2) haplogroups G1 and L show affinities with south Caucasus populations in their geographic distribution as well as STR motifs; (3) frequency of haplogroup I, which originated in Europe, declines with increasing longitude, indicating gene flow arriving from Europe; (4) conversely, haplogroup G2 radiates towards Europe; (5) haplogroup E3b3 displays a latitudinal correlation with decreasing frequency northward; (6) haplogroup R1b3 emanates from Turkey towards Southeast Europe and Caucasia and; (7) high resolution SNP analysis provides evidence of a detectable yet weak signal (<9%) of recent paternal gene flow from Central Asia. The variety of Turkish haplotypes is witness to Turkey being both an important source and recipient of gene flow.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia

et al. 2004

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“…Therefore, this part of the tunnel (i.e., the location of samples u15.156; u15.238 and u15.14-19, see Fig. 1) citadel) and a fortified lower city (Korfmann 1999). When first constructed, the water system would have lain within the defences of the lower city, a fact that underlies its importance at that time.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Culturally, it was mainly oriented towards Anatolia and the Near East, but trading links can be assured reaching far into Europe, the Mediterranean and Central Asia. Recent work in the excavation has established the existence of an upper city (or citadel) and a fortified lower city (Korfmann 1999). When first constructed, the water system would have lain within the defences of the lower city, a fact that underlies its importance at that time.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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²³⁰Th/U dating of the Trojan ‘water quarries’

Frank

MANGINI

Korfmann³

2002

Archaeometry

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We determined the 230 Th/U ages of individual calcite layers that grew on the walls of artificial water-supply tunnels ('water quarries') at Troy/Ilios by using thermal ionization mass spectrometry. The oldest age of overgrowth being 4350 ± 570 years, the tunnels must have been built a short time earlier, during the archaeological period Troy I-II. The tunnels were also used during Troy VI-VII (1700-1150 BCE, a period that includes the date of the supposed 'Trojan War'), in Homeric times (c. 720 BCE) and in the Roman period. These findings add strong support to the identification of the water quarries with a natural phenomenon and Anatolian deity known in Hittite texts of the second millennium BCE as KASKAL.KUR, a term denoting subsurface water systems. Consequently, they reinforce the view that Troy in the second millennium BCE was Anatolian in character. In this way, the findings are also consistent with the identification of (W)Ilios with Wilusa, a city attested to in Hittite historical texts.

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“…New theories, such as the 'Anatolian Settlement Plan' (Korfmann, 1983) and 'Great Caravan Route' (Efe, 2002), were also put forward regarding general settlement patterns and trade relations between western Anatolia and Mesopotamia. With the third round of Trojan excavations, Korfmann also introduced the definition of the 'Maritime Culture of Troy I-III', based on the distribution area of the Trojan EBA pottery (Korfmann, 1997(Korfmann, , 1998. The excavations at Liman Tepe and Bakla Tepe (Figure 1) not only provided firm data on the relations between the Aegean coastline of Anatolia, the Aegean islands, and mainland Greece, but also gave important information on early metalworking in the Aegean coastal areas of western Anatolia (Kaptan, 1998a(Kaptan, , 1998bSahoğlu, 2008).…”

Section: Research Historymentioning

confidence: 99%

An Overview of the Western Anatolian Early Bronze Age

2015

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For a long time, assessments and evaluations of the western Anatolian Early Bronze Age (EBA) have only been based on the excavation results of Tarsus, Karatas-Semayük, Beycesultan, Demircihüyük, and Troy. However, excavations and surface surveys carried out in the last two decades have increased our knowledge enormously. In particular, the excavations of Liman Tepe, Küllüoba, and Seyitömer have made an immense contribution to the establishment of a reliable West Anatolian EBA chronology. The surface surveys have also made it possible to define better the borders of the cultural areas and pottery zones of the region. Based on these new data, new theories are presented here on the cultural and socio-political development of the region, as well as on regional and inter-regional relationships during the EBA.

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Introduction — Troia and the Natural Sciences

Cited by 8 publications

References 0 publications

Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia

Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia

²³⁰Th/U dating of the Trojan ‘water quarries’

An Overview of the Western Anatolian Early Bronze Age

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Introduction — Troia and the Natural Sciences

Cited by 8 publications

References 0 publications

Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia

Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia

230Th/U dating of the Trojan ‘water quarries’

An Overview of the Western Anatolian Early Bronze Age

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Product

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²³⁰Th/U dating of the Trojan ‘water quarries’