Introduction

White, Tim D.; Folkens, Pieter A.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-088467-4.50004-1

Cited by 72 publications

(99 citation statements)

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“…Crania and mandibles were collected from the same specimens and sex was equally balanced as much as possible. Sex was assessed with standard osteological techniques 45 .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

11,000 years of craniofacial and mandibular variation in Lower Nubia

Galland

Gerven

Cramon‐Taubadel

et al. 2016

Sci Rep

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The transition to agriculture was a key event in human history. The extent to which this transition is associated with biological changes in different world regions remains debated. Cultural and osteological records in Lower Nubia throughout the Holocene have been interpreted as a result of in situ differentiation or alternatively as migratory events and possible admixture with surrounding populations. Here we investigated the patterns of craniofacial and mandibular variation from Mesolithic hunting-gathering to late farming, a period spanning 11,000 years. We analyzed 102 adult specimens spanning five cultural horizons: Mesolithic, A-group, C-group, Pharaonic and Meroitic, by means of 3D geometric morphometric methods, in order to assess shape variation and diachronic patterns at the transition to farming and in subsequent periods. Our results highlight a strong morphometric distinction between Mesolithic hunter-gatherers and farmers as well as differences between transitional and intensive farmers in mandibular variation which is consistent with differential impact of selective pressures on different regions of the skull. This study corroborates a major biological change during the transition from hunting to farming, supporting the masticatory-functional hypothesis for the mandible and suggesting population continuity among farming populations throughout the Holocene based on the overall shape of the cranium.

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“…Crania and mandibles were collected from the same specimens and sex was equally balanced as much as possible. Sex was assessed with standard osteological techniques 45 .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

11,000 years of craniofacial and mandibular variation in Lower Nubia

Galland

Gerven

Cramon‐Taubadel

et al. 2016

Sci Rep

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“…Asymmetry between the upper limbs bones have been reported in previous studies with little differences in all races and difference significantly greater in males than females [12–15]. In most cases the left bones have been reported to be more variable in weight and length but the average lateral asymmetry was to the right in the arms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 72%

Evaluation of Bilateral Asymmetry in the Humerus of Human Skeletal Specimen

Dare

Masilili

Mugagga

et al. 2019

BioMed Research International

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Several studies have established a relationship between morphological and behavioral asymmetry making investigations of bilateral bone asymmetry an attractive and important research area. The purpose of this study was to investigate bilateral asymmetry patterns of skeletal specimen from five geographical locations (Rwanda, Burundi, Congo, Kenya, and Uganda) at Galloway Osteological Collection, Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, Makerere University College of Health Sciences. The angle of torsion and retroversion, mid-shaft circumference, length, and weight of 232 pairs of humeri were determined. A Torsiometer was used to measure the angle of torsion in degrees according to Krahl and Evans 1945, a tape was used to measure the mid-shaft circumference at the level of the apex of the deltoid V, and the length in cm was determined. An osteometric board was used to measure the length of the humerus in centimeters. A weighing balance was used to measure the weight of the humerus in grams. The analysis of humeral asymmetry with respect to parameters of the human skeletal specimen at the Galloway Osteological Collection Mulago revealed bilateral asymmetrical status observed in the angle of torsion, length, weight, and mid-shaft circumference. Our result mostly showed lateralization to the right in all the parameters investigated except the torsion angle which is to the left. Our investigation revealed that humeral torsion is inversely proportional to weight, length, and mid-shaft circumference of the humerus. This study established the existence of bilateral asymmetries in the humeri of all the geographical regions investigated with more asymmetry observed in the male compared with the female.

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“…To identify the principal trends for type specimens of extinct species, the following categories were included: the catalogue number (= collection number within a research institution) of the type specimen, type locality, skeletal element(s) of the type material (skull, cranium, skeleton or postcranium) and their articulation and completeness conditions. For the analysis of the skeletal elements, we followed White & Folkens [17] in defining skull as the entire bony structure of the head (dermatocranium, splanchnocranium and neurocranium) including the lower jaw (or mandible), differing from the terminology cranium, which only corresponds to the skull without the lower jaw. We used a modified version of Pyenson et al .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

What do we know about the fossil record of pinnipeds? A historiographical investigation

Valenzuela‐Toro

Pyenson

2019

R. Soc. open sci.

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The fossil record of pinnipeds (seals, fur seals and walruses) is globally distributed, spanning from the late Oligocene to the Holocene. This record shows a complex evolutionary history that could not otherwise be inferred from their extant relatives, including multiple radiations and iterative ecomorphological specializations among different lineages, many of which are extinct. The fossil record of pinnipeds is not uniformly represented in space and time, however, leaving some gaps in our knowledge. We performed a historiographical investigation of the published fossil record of pinnipeds based on the information available in the Paleobiology Database, with the aim to broadly characterize and evaluate it from a taxonomic, geographical and temporal perspective. We identified major trends, strengths and weaknesses of the pinniped fossil record, including potential biases that may affect our interpretations. We found that 39% of the record corresponds to extant taxa, which are essentially from the Pleistocene and Holocene. There is a larger record from the Northern Hemisphere, suggesting biases in sampling and collection effort. The record is not strongly biased by sedimentary outcrop bias. Specifically, for extinct species, nearly half of them are represented by a single occurrence and a large proportion have type specimens consisting of single isolated postcranial elements. While the pinniped fossil record may have adequate temporal and taxonomic coverage, it has a strong geographical bias and its comparability is hindered by the incompleteness of type specimens. These results should be taken into account when addressing patterns of their past diversity, evolutionary history and paleoecology.

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Introduction

Cited by 72 publications

References 0 publications

11,000 years of craniofacial and mandibular variation in Lower Nubia

11,000 years of craniofacial and mandibular variation in Lower Nubia

Evaluation of Bilateral Asymmetry in the Humerus of Human Skeletal Specimen

What do we know about the fossil record of pinnipeds? A historiographical investigation

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