Introductory Chapter: Recycling and Reuse of End-of-Life Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymers

Khanna, Rita

doi:10.5772/intechopen.76709

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 25 publications

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“…Macroscopic carbon materials can also possess high surface area, such as carbon fiber paper (CFP), making them desirable in many electrochemical, fuel cell, [ 1 ] electrolyzer, [ 2 ] supercapacitor, [ 3 ] sensing, [ 4 ] water desalination, [ 5 ] and wastewater treatment [ 6 ] applications. Another advantage is the excellent biocompatibility of CFP for in vitro and in vivo studies, [ 7 ] for biosensing applications, [ 8 ] tissue engineering, [ 9 ] and in regenerative medicine and cancer treatment. [ 10 ] We focus here on CFP because only macroscopic carbon materials can serve as scaffolds for these applications; carbon nanotubes and nanosized graphene flakes require additional supports.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selective Hydroxylation of Carbon Fiber Paper for Long‐Lasting Hydrophilicity by a Green Chemistry Process

Wilsey

Watson

Fasusi

et al. 2022

Adv Materials Inter

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carbon materials can also possess high surface area, such as carbon fiber paper (CFP), making them desirable in many electrochemical, fuel cell, [1] electrolyzer, [2] supercapacitor, [3] sensing, [4] water desalination, [5] and wastewater treatment [6] applications. Another advantage is the excellent biocompatibility of CFP for in vitro and in vivo studies, [7] for biosensing applications, [8] tissue engineering, [9] and in regenerative medicine and cancer treatment. [10] We focus here on CFP because only macroscopic carbon materials can serve as scaffolds for these applications; carbon nanotubes and nanosized graphene flakes require additional supports. Globally scalable clean energy [11] and water purification [12] technologies as well as biocompatible systems must operate in aqueous media and, therefore, require carbon support materials that are hydrophilic for long periods of time.One obstacle that inhibits widespread use of macroscopic carbon materials in aqueous systems is their hydrophobicity. Hydrophilic carbon surfaces are needed to take advantage of the high internal surface area of CFP in aqueous media. Any hydrophilicity-imparting treatment must leave the carbon fiber network structurally intact, so that specifically designed carbon network architectures and pore sizes, which critically affect mass transport characteristics, are not altered during the process.Previously reported methods to increase hydrophilicity of CFP are plasma or chemical etching techniques, sometimes in combination with heat treatments. Ammonia, [6a] nitrogen, [13] oxygen [5,14] or air [15] plasma etching protocols have been reported. Such plasma etches work reasonably well on a laboratory scale, where electrode sizes are on the order of square centimeters or less; yet, plasma methods lead to significant embrittlement of CFP, precluding the production of structurally stable, large-area CFP sheets that are needed for industrial-scale electrolyzers and other applications. Ozone treatment also oxidizes carbon surfaces for improved hydrophilicity. [16] An additional disadvantage is that plasma and ozone generators require large capital expense, especially for large area substrates. Thermal oxidation by a treatment that took more than 16 h also increased hydrophilicity, [17] but that lasted only for 2 d in air when we followed the reported procedure; significant damage to the CFP mesostructures was also observed (Figure S1, Supporting This study reports the selective hydroxylation of macroscopic carbon surfaces that renders initially hydrophobic carbon fiber paper hydrophilic for more than one year (62 weeks) so far. This long time of sustained hydrophilicity is unprecedented and transforms the utility of macroscopic carbon materials. Quantification of surface oxygenates of a systematic series of 13 chemical treatments reveals that surface hydroxyls are predictors of long-lasting hydrophilicity. The rapid, mild, acid-free, transition-metal-free treatment does not leave surface residues, inhibits overoxidation of graphitic carb...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selective Hydroxylation of Carbon Fiber Paper for Long‐Lasting Hydrophilicity by a Green Chemistry Process

Wilsey

Watson

Fasusi

et al. 2022

Adv Materials Inter

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Recovery of carbon fibers from aviation epoxy composites by acid solvolysis

Rijo

Dias

Carvalho

2023

Sustainable Materials and Technologies

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A Review of End-of-Life Scenarios for Fibre-Reinforced Polymer Materials

Ziemińska-Stolarska,

Sobulska,

Pietrzak

et al. 2024

Energies

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The paper presents a review of End-of-Life scenarios (EoL) (disposal, incineration, chemical, thermal and mechanical recycling) compared to the production stage of Fibre-Reinforced Polymers (FRPs) of composites regarding global warming potential. Innovative FRP manufacturing technologies (vacuum infusion, ultraviolet curved pultrusion, hot stamping, three-dimensional printing and automatic tape placement) commonly used in the shipbuilding industry were environmentally assessed. The materials, energy flows and waste discharged to the environment over the whole life cycle were collected, identified and quantified based on Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) analysis in the frame of the Fibre4Yards project. The results of LCA calculations show that waste management (the EoL scenario) contributes 5 to 39% of the total carbon footprint for FRP technologies. The highest contribution of the EoL scenario was found for technologies where polypropylene was applied, i.e., 33 and 38% of the total CO2 emissions. Our analysis of the literature and information from industrial partners confirm that the standard and most common waste scenario for FRP materials and compounds is still incineration and landfilling.

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Introductory Chapter: Recycling and Reuse of End-of-Life Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymers

Cited by 3 publications

References 25 publications

Selective Hydroxylation of Carbon Fiber Paper for Long‐Lasting Hydrophilicity by a Green Chemistry Process

Selective Hydroxylation of Carbon Fiber Paper for Long‐Lasting Hydrophilicity by a Green Chemistry Process

Recovery of carbon fibers from aviation epoxy composites by acid solvolysis

A Review of End-of-Life Scenarios for Fibre-Reinforced Polymer Materials

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