“…Integrated STEM education refers to the teaching and learning of concepts, ideas, and attitudes from two or more STEM disciplines enacted by using various approaches such as problem-and inquiry-based learning (Rose et al, 2019;Sari et al, 2020;Tan et al, 2019). STEM education has been argued to be important because it imbues the knowledge, skills and dispositions necessary for students to remain competitive in the FIR era characterised by digitalisation and automation (Fomunyam, 2020;Nugroho et al, 2019;Rose et al, 2019;Sari et al, 2020).…”