Introductory Chapter: Zeolites - From Discovery to New Applications on the Global Market

Margeta, Karmen; Farkaš, Anamarija

doi:10.5772/intechopen.92907

Cited by 14 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Key factors during the milling stage of the seed assisted and solvent-free synthesis of MFI and catalytic behavior in the alkylation of phenol with tert-butyl alcohol Julieth Tatiana García-Sánchez, 1 Iván Darío Mora-Vergara, 1 Daniel Ricardo Molina-Velasco, 2 José Antonio Henao-Martínez, 3 Víctor Gabriel Baldovino-Medrano 1,4* 1 Centro de Investigaciones en Catálisis (CICAT), Parque Tecnológico Guatiguará, km 2 vía El Refugio, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Piedecuesta (Santander), 681011, Colombia. 2 Laboratorio de Resonancia Magnética Nuclear, Parque Tecnológico Guatiguará, km 2 vía El Refugio, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Piedecuesta (Santander), 681011, Colombia.…”

Section: Supporting Informationunclassified

“…Zeolites are crystalline microporous materials generally composed of interconnected SiO 4 and AlO 4 − tetrahedra. The different forms of interconnections that can occur between said tetrahedra have given rise to more than one hundred and seventy zeolitic structures so far [1] . These materials are known for possessing surface areas up to ∼800 m 2 /g, acidity up to ∼1000 μmol/g, pore volumes up to ∼0.23 cm 3 g −1 , and thermal and hydrothermal stability up to ∼1000 °C [1–5] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The different forms of interconnections that can occur between said tetrahedra have given rise to more than one hundred and seventy zeolitic structures so far [1] . These materials are known for possessing surface areas up to ∼800 m 2 /g, acidity up to ∼1000 μmol/g, pore volumes up to ∼0.23 cm 3 g −1 , and thermal and hydrothermal stability up to ∼1000 °C [1–5] . Owing to these properties, synthetic zeolites acting either as adsorbents, catalysts or both [3,6] have been intensively used, since their commercial introduction in the 1940s, [7] in industrial processes, daily life products such as detergents, and, more recently, in antioxidative, antiapoptotic and anti‐inflammatory pharmaceutics [8] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1 These materials are known for possessing surface areas up to ~800 m 2 /g, acidity up to ~ 1000 mol/g, pore volumes up to ~ 0.23 cm 3 g -1 , and thermal and hydrothermal stability up to ~1000 °C. [1][2][3][4][5] Owing to these properties, synthetic zeolites acting either as adsorbents, catalysts or both 3,6 have been intensively used, since their commercial introduction in the 1940s, 7 in industrial processes, daily life products such as detergents, and, more recently, in antioxidative, antiapoptotic and anti-inflammatory pharmaceutics. 8 Consequently, the zeolite market is estimated to grow from 5.2 billion USD in 2018 to 5.9 billion USD in 2023.…”

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Key Factors During the Milling Stage of the Seed‐assisted and Solvent‐free Synthesis of MFI and Catalytic Behavior in the Alkylation of Phenol with Tert‐butyl Alcohol

et al. 2021

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The so-called mechanochemical method for the synthesis of zeolites reduces the generation of liquid residues and gaseous pollutants as compared to the conventional solvothermal method. Different types of zeolites have been synthesized at the laboratory scale with this method using mostly pestle and mortar. However, such an approach hinders both the systematic comprehension of the effects of the input variables of the milling process and its further scale-up towards the synthesis of the zeolites and their catalytic application. This work investigates the influence of key factors involved in the ball milling stage of the mechanochemical route for the synthesis of MFI done with the assistance of a commercial MFI seed and in the absence of solvents over the most salient physicochemical properties of this type of materials, i.e. the recovery percentage, production cost, morphology, surface area and porosity, crystallinity, acidity of the protonated MFI and catalytic performance. The synthesis of the materials was planned and executed following a full 2 4 factorial experiment whose input variables were the Na2O/SiO2 and H2O/SiO2 molar ratios and the milling time and speed. The effects of both main and interaction factors over key physicochemical properties, and catalytic behavior of the synthesized materials on the alkylation of phenol with tert-butyl alcohol were established within the explored sampling space. Results showed that the Na2O/SiO2 molar ratio plays a key role for the mechanochemical synthesis of MFI, since this variable may direct the synthesis to the preferential production of MOR instead of MFI. On the other hand, it was found that the milling time and speed and their interactions markedly impact the textural properties of MFI. Furthermore, the triple interaction between the input variables affected the concentration of Lewis acid sites of the produced materials. These effects were rationalized by considering that sodium can act as a structure directing agent during the mechanochemical synthesis of MFI and also can promote the incorporation of aluminum to its structure. On the other hand, the milling time and speed are non-linearly correlated to the milling energy required for forming the aluminosilicate precursor that crystallizes during the hydrothermal stage of the process. Overall, all the zeolites synthesized by the mechanochemical route were less crystalline than both the MFI used as seed and an MFI synthesized by solgel. This was associated to the formation of amorphous agglomerates around the zeolitic crystals. Finally, the catalytic behavior of the mechanochemical MFI zeolites in the studied reaction was found to be linearly and positively correlated with both the concentration of BrØnsted of sites and with the density of acid sites. The catalytic tendencies were consistent with the proposal of a stepwise Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism for the alkylation of phenol with tert-butyl alcohol.

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Section: Supporting Informationunclassified

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Key Factors During the Milling Stage of the Seed‐assisted and Solvent‐free Synthesis of MFI and Catalytic Behavior in the Alkylation of Phenol with Tert‐butyl Alcohol

et al. 2021

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Key Factors During the Milling Stage of the Seed Assisted and Solvent-Free Synthesis of MFI and Catalytic Behavior in the Alkylation of Phenol with Tert-Butyl Alcohol

García-Sánchez¹,

Vergara²,

Molina³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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The so-called mechanochemical method for the synthesis of zeolites reduces the generation of liquid residues and gaseous pollutants as compared to the conventional solvothermal method. Different types of zeolites have been synthesized at the laboratory scale with this method using mostly pestle and mortar. However, such an approach hinders both the systematic comprehension of the effects of the input variables of the milling process and its further scale-up towards the synthesis of the zeolites and their catalytic application. This work investigates the influence of key factors involved in the ball milling stage of the mechanochemical route for the synthesis of MFI done with the assistance of a commercial MFI seed and in the absence of solvents over the most salient physicochemical properties of this type of materials, i.e. the recovery percentage, production cost, morphology, surface area and porosity, crystallinity, acidity of the protonated MFI and catalytic performance. The synthesis of the materials was planned and executed following a full 24 factorial experiment whose input variables were the Na2O/SiO2 and H2O/SiO2 molar ratios and the milling time and speed. The effects of both main and interaction factors over key physicochemical properties, and catalytic behavior of the synthesized materials on the alkylation of phenol with tert-butyl alcohol were established within the explored sampling space. Results showed that the Na2O/SiO2 molar ratio plays a key role for the mechanochemical synthesis of MFI, since this variable may direct the synthesis to the preferential production of MOR instead of MFI. On the other hand, it was found that the milling time and speed and their interactions markedly impact the textural properties of MFI. Furthermore, the triple interaction between the input variables affected the concentration of Lewis acid sites of the produced materials. These effects were rationalized by considering that sodium can act as a structure directing agent during the mechanochemical synthesis of MFI and also can promote the incorporation of aluminum to its structure. On the other hand, the milling time and speed are non-linearly correlated to the milling energy required for forming the aluminosilicate precursor that crystallizes during the hydrothermal stage of the process. Overall, all the zeolites synthesized by the mechanochemical route were less crystalline than both the MFI used as seed and an MFI synthesized by sol-gel. This was associated to the formation of amorphous agglomerates around the zeolitic crystals. Finally, the catalytic behavior of the mechanochemical MFI zeolites in the studied reaction was found to be linearly and positively correlated with both the concentration of BrØnsted of sites and with the density of acid sites. The catalytic tendencies were consistent with the proposal of a stepwise Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism for the alkylation of phenol with tert-butyl alcohol.

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Modification of natural zeolites and their applications for heavy metal removal from polluted environments: Challenges, recent advances, and perspectives

Senila,

Cadar

2024

Heliyon

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Introductory Chapter: Zeolites - From Discovery to New Applications on the Global Market

Cited by 14 publications

References 31 publications

Key Factors During the Milling Stage of the Seed‐assisted and Solvent‐free Synthesis of MFI and Catalytic Behavior in the Alkylation of Phenol with Tert‐butyl Alcohol

Key Factors During the Milling Stage of the Seed‐assisted and Solvent‐free Synthesis of MFI and Catalytic Behavior in the Alkylation of Phenol with Tert‐butyl Alcohol

Key Factors During the Milling Stage of the Seed Assisted and Solvent-Free Synthesis of MFI and Catalytic Behavior in the Alkylation of Phenol with Tert-Butyl Alcohol

Modification of natural zeolites and their applications for heavy metal removal from polluted environments: Challenges, recent advances, and perspectives

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