Introductory text to sonochemistry

Abstract

Sonochemistry is a multidisciplinary and an emerging research field that has potential applications in many areas that include chemistry, physics, biology, materials, food science, engineering, and medicine. The primary focus of this article is to provide a basic, textbook-type introduction highlighting the fundamental aspects and selected applications of sonochemistry. The purpose of this article is not to provide a full literature review, but to give the readers a birds' eye view of the basics of acoustic cavitation and selected examples of applied sonochemistry. Extensive review articles and book chapters are available that provide in depth analysis of current literature in various topics.

Recent advances in the application of ultrasound in dairy products: Effect on functional, physical, chemical, microbiological and sensory properties

“…The physical and chemical effects generated during acoustic cavitation have been used for a number of applications [158] , [159] . Chemical reactions could be initiated by the acoustic cavitation process or may simply refer to increased reaction rates/efficiencies of reactions that would otherwise occur at a slower rate or lower efficiency [10] . Thermal, cavitation and shearing effects are the forces inducing the changes.…”

“…[6] . Chemical reactions taking place within these environments are the formation of highly reactive radical species [7] , [8] , [9] , [10] . When an argon-saturated water is sonicated, formation of H and OH radicals takes place as H radicals are reducing in nature, whereas OH radicals are oxidizing in nature.…”

Ultrasound-Assisted Encapsulation of Phytochemicals for Food Applications: A Review

“…This effect is caused by the sequential expansion and contraction of pre-existing gases in the medium, along with the rarefaction and compression cycles of ultrasonic waves, generating bubbles or cavities [18]. These bubbles tend to grow through rectified diffusion until reaching a critical size, at which point they implode, generating shockwaves of up to 100 m s −1 , as well as high temperatures and pressures on the microscale (~5000 K and 500 atm, respectively), which are more intense under lower US frequencies [46,47]. If bubble collapse occurs in an interfacial region, asymmetric implosion can lead to the formation of high speed, pressurized micro-jets, which can penetrate into the interface [47].…”

Mechanochemistry of fluoride solids: from mechanical activation to mechanically stimulated synthesis

“…Mechanical energy can be applied in different ways. Milling is one common option, but also the application of pressure or sonication (ultrasound) [12] is possible. All kinds of mechanical energy lead to peculiarities on and in the solids and to implications for occurring chemical reactions.…”