Intumescence: Tradition versus novelty. A comprehensive review

Alongi, Jenny; Han, Zhidong; Bourbigot, Serge

doi:10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2015.04.010

Cited by 458 publications

(316 citation statements)

References 378 publications

(441 reference statements)

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“…Intumescent flame retardant (IFR) has attracted a great deal of attention because of its low smoke, non‐toxicity, anti‐dripping, and environmental friendly characteristics . The mechanism of IFR refers to the formation of multicellular swollen char on the surface of the matrix under heating beyond a critical temperature, which acts as excellent insulation barrier against heat transfer from the heat flux/flame to the unburned matrix . A typical IFR mainly comprises 3 components: an acid source, a charring agent, and a blowing agent .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of a novel hyperbranched and phosphorus‐containing charring‐foaming agent and its application in polypropylene

Zhu

Cui

et al. 2018

Polymers for Advanced Techs

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In this work, a novel hyperbranched and phosphorus‐containing triazine derivative (HPCFA) is synthesized. HPCFA is used as charring‐foaming agent and combined with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) as intumescent flame retardant to flame retard polypropylene (PP). PP/HPCFA/APP composite can achieve limited oxygen index value of 31% and pass UL 94V‐0 rating by addition of 20 wt% HPCFA/APP (1/2, w/w). Besides, HPCFA is compared with another hyperbranched charring‐foaming agent (HCFA). HPCFA and HCFA have similar chemical structure, and their only difference is that HPCFA has phosphorus‐containing unit in the main chain compared with HCFA. HPCFA/APP system exhibits superior flame retardancy compared with HCFA/APP system. Char residue analysis demonstrates that HPCFA/APP system can form denser and more compact char layer in comparison with that of HCFA/APP system.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of a novel hyperbranched and phosphorus‐containing charring‐foaming agent and its application in polypropylene

Zhu

Cui

et al. 2018

Polymers for Advanced Techs

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“…This char exhibits a multi-cellular structure and acts as an insulating barrier limiting heat and mass transfer. 11,12 The intumescent formulations were first evaluated by mass loss calorimetry on plates containing or not copper wire to compare the conventional test (without conductor) with the test with electric current (with conductor). Note that no significant effect was detected on the material with and without copper wire (no electric current was applied) and it is not commented in the following.…”

Section: Mass Loss Cone Coupled With Ftirmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fire behavior of simulated low voltage intumescent cables with and without electric current

Sarazin

Bachelet

Bourbigot

2017

Journal of Fire Sciences

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Abstract.Many circumstances can lead to an electrical fire. It is then helpful to reproduce those circumstances in laboratory conditions to duplicate fire scenarios in order to increase knowledge and to develop safer and flame-retarded materials and electrical systems. Our approach was to develop specific bench scale tests. The mass loss cone calorimeter coupled with Fourier transform infrared was used to mimic a fire scenario on simulated low voltage cable (flame-retarded polymer molded around copper wire) and to characterize the gas phase. The electric current creates an additional heating condition (Joule effect) which can modify the decomposition of the flammable material (e.g. the cable jacket made in thermoplastic), and so its fire behavior in case of fire. It is the reason why we performed the experiments mimicking different fire scenarios with and without electric current. Specific test was also developed to investigate the flame spread and the delamination of the polymer around the wire. The bench scale tests presented in this article were applied on intumescent polymers (ethylene-vinyl acetate containing commercial intumescent additive). The results were discussed with a special emphasis on the influence of electric current on the fire behavior.

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“…Adding flame retardants into PP is one of the most effective ways to modify the flame retardancy of PP. Therefore, how to develop effective flame retardants and synergists has been a key issue …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of a semi‐bio‐based triazine derivative on intumescent flame‐retardant polypropylene

Wang

2019

Polymers for Advanced Techs

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A semi‐bio‐based synergist (N, N′, N″‐1, 3, 5‐triazine‐2, 4, 6‐triyltris‐glycine [TTG]) was prepared by using glycine and cyanuric chloride. The structure of TTG was characterized by 1H NMR and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The TTG was applied in polypropylene (PP)/intumescent flame‐retardant compounds to improve its flame retardancy. The flame‐retardant properties of PP compounds were evaluated by limiting oxygen index and vertical burning tests (UL‐94). The results showed that 17 wt% intumescent flame‐retardant and 1 wt% TTG makes PP achieve the UL‐94 V‐0 rating without drippings, and the limiting oxygen index value is increased to 29.5 vol%. The thermal degradation behavior and char morphology of PP compounds were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis and scanning electron microscopy. The results indicated that TTG accelerates the formation of char layer, regulates the porous structure of char layer, and enhances its barrier property. Therefore, the temperatures of PP compound after two ignitions during the UL‐94 test are decreased significantly as shown in infrared thermal imaging. In addition, the combustion characteristics of PP compounds were investigated by cone calorimeter. The peak of heat release rate (PHRR) of PP compound is 67% reduced, and the tPHRR is delayed from 223 to 430 seconds, indicates that the combustion risk of PP compound is reduced.

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Intumescence: Tradition versus novelty. A comprehensive review

Cited by 458 publications

References 378 publications

Synthesis of a novel hyperbranched and phosphorus‐containing charring‐foaming agent and its application in polypropylene

Synthesis of a novel hyperbranched and phosphorus‐containing charring‐foaming agent and its application in polypropylene

Fire behavior of simulated low voltage intumescent cables with and without electric current

Effects of a semi‐bio‐based triazine derivative on intumescent flame‐retardant polypropylene

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