Invalidation and Proof of the Mass Gap and Viability of The Standard Model on a Discrete Spacetime

Maes, Stéphane

doi:10.31219/osf.io/d4wub

Cited by 5 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 78 publications

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“…We conclude by explaining how other papers on the island formula and replica trick encountered the new lifecycle for black holes, that we had proposed in [1,56], where small extremal black holes split up into smaller black holes, with violation of the strict weak gravity conjecture (WGC). This validates the first steps of our proposal of the ultimate unification (UU) [1,57,58].…”

Section: Note Added Onsupporting

confidence: 84%

“…Gravity can therefore be added to the Standard Model (SM) resulting into what we define as SM G : the SM with gravity effects non-negligible at its scales. This can contribute to resolving several open issues with the Standard Model and with the standard cosmological model, without new Physics other than gravity [1,40,[55][56][57][58][59][60][61]76,79,256]. These considerations hint at an even stronger relationship between gravity and the Standard Model, as shown in [23,93,99,181].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Better Quantum Extremal Surface and Island Interpretation that Explains the Associated Massive Gravity

Maes

2023

Preprint

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In a paper about multi-fold black holes, we describe the evolution of black holes, their evaporation and entropy. With a particle-based model, we recover the correct Page curve, and resolve the black hole information paradox. Doing so we encounter a quantum extremal surface, as proposed by others using the conventional approach of the island and replica trick. In a subsequent paper, we show that the definitions of the quantum extremal surfaces coincide, while our physical interpretation are rather radically different: an horizon for the multi-folds attached to virtual particles in the multi-fold universe, versus an island à la Wheeler’s bag of gold for the conventional replica trick. We dispute as a result a widely held view that Wheeler’s bag of gold could isolate most of their content from the parent universe. Others have questioned the replica trick with its use of JT gravity, and shown that it implies massive gravity, which might not correspond to a universe where General Relativity (GR) reigns. We show, in multi-fold scenarios, that the inability for multi-folds to escape the quantum extremal surface implies massive gravity effects, while remaining able to recover GR. Therefore, we can provide microscopic mechanisms to explain how massless gravity becomes massive. We also justify relying on JT gravity, by the 2D massless Higgs bosons dilaton random walks. On the other hand, in an asymptotic AdS universe, the replica trick requires the introduction of a reservoir for the evaporated particles, beyond the boundary of AdS, otherwise evaporation can’t take place. Letting gravitons enter the reservoir implies massive gravity, while preventing them from entering the reservoir leads to a different Page curve, and therefore, no resolution of the black hole information paradox. We provide new microscopic interpretations to these scenarios, explaining away these issues, and dealing with the encounter of quantum extremal surface outside the black hole in the presence of a thermal bath. Doing so, we confirms the better suitability of the multi-fold interpretation of the quantum extrema surface, and island, while supporting the replica trick and island formula approach, and resolving the black hole information paradox once and for all.Already knowing that multi-folds appear with GR at Planck scales, and with other hints, the multi-fold analysis applies to our real universe, and the paper provides a microscopic interpretation of quantum extremal surfaces, the correct page curve, the resolution of the black hole information paradox, and the apparition of massive gravity associated to quantum extremal surfaces.From the island formula and replica trick at low masses, we encounter hints of our past proposal for new life cycles of black holes (small extremal black holes splitting into another extremal black hole and an evaporating black hole), which invalidate the strict Weak Gravity Conjecture, and justify the Ultimate Unification (UU) proposal. It is quite a confirmation.

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Section: Note Added Onsupporting

confidence: 84%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Better Quantum Extremal Surface and Island Interpretation that Explains the Associated Massive Gravity

Maes

2023

Preprint

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“…Along the lines of time-varying dark matter effects, [151,152] analyze the effects of fractal spacetime and show that it can result into a time-varying cosmological constant.…”

Section: Note Added On December 13 2023: See Also [146] For Additiona...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, some papers looking at matching ΛCDM, point rather at increasing the pre-CMB dark energy effects, instead of reducing them [40,51]. That is explainable with the increased early density off matter, and with the fractal effects [151,152] ((Added on December 13, 2023).…”

Section: A Wiser Analysis: Tamed Effects In Plasmas?mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Possibility of a Multi-fold Time-Varying Hubble Constant

Maes

2023

Preprint

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The multi-fold theory provides microscopic interpretations to the universe accelerated expansion, inflation mechanisms and dark energy. From the beginning, the multi-fold dark matter main mechanisms have been identified as being stronger in the presence of matter, or energy increasing spacetime curvature. One could therefore naively expect that these mechanisms will also be globally time-dependent, when it comes to the early epochs of the universe. Indeed, during the early cosmological eras, including pre-CMB, different matter densities and curvatures reigned. Each would lead to a different global average cosmological constant. Such a reasoning would predict a Hubble constant that is larger for early time than late time observations. As discussed in multiple papers and articles, proposing a time-varying dark energy density can obviously be a simple way to address the Hubble constant tension: early time estimates would correspond to such a different value, and no Hubble constant tension would exist.However, in our naïve initial analysis above, obtaining larger pre-CMB values could a priori go in the wrong direction when it comes to observations: one would expect a larger Hubble constant at early times, unless if it is rather an additional contribution to the CMB derived Hubble constant.Considering the multi-fold dark energy mechanisms, in all the early stages of the universe, i.e., pre-CMB, aka prerecombination, which led to the CMB, plasma, dominated by electromagnetic and possibly other interactions, occupied the whole concretized spacetime. This way, multi-fold dark energy effects were partially countered by more dominant interactions, and the resulting accelerations of expansion were reduced. It can explain why current early time estimates for the Hubble constant would differ from late time results, and lead to a smaller Hubble constant value at early time. However, it may not fit that well the overall standard cosmological model à la ΛCMD.However, note that recent papers show that a short term increase of the dark energy (5% for redshift z > 5000), can resolve the tension, by pushing up the CMB inferred Hubble constant, i.e. early time estimates, and better match overall the ΛCDM. So maybe our naïve reasoning was not that bad.Combining the two considerations above, our paper shows that multi-fold dark energy mechanisms intrinsically, and microscopically, justify such a behavior that can resolve the Hubble tension. It is another hint in favor of the multi-fold mechanisms, to add to several others. There is also a range where a multi-fold universe appear fractal, which may result into scaling of the cosmological constant, and reducing its value, during this period; again a move in the right direction.The result extends to the real universe, if it is multi-fold, as hinted by past results.

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A Non-perturbative Proof of the Asymptotic Safety of 4D Einstein Gravity, With or Without Matter

Maes¹

2023

Preprint

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Today, two distinct camps exist in the Physics community: those who believe in the asymptotic safe gravity program for gravity, and those who don’t. Not many physicists are undecided, even if those who claim not to care. It is a polarizing topic, and nobody seems to ever be really convinced by the arguments of the others. Add to this, the existential threat potentially posed by asymptotic safety to the physicality of supersymmetry, supergravity, superstrings, M-Theory, and many of the popular GUTs and TOEs out there, and one can understand why the question of asymptotic safety of gravity is often either viewed as critical, or dismissed as irrelevant. Yet, the asymptotic safety program has claimed indications that gravity may be asymptotically safe. So far, none are definitive, and most are derided by the other camp.In the context of the multi-fold theory, we have shown that multi-fold gravity is asymptotically safe. Using arguments, that gravity is 2D at small scales, something agreed upon by most consistent theories of quantum gravity, we inferred that gravity is most probably asymptotically safe, even in non-muti-fold universes, and yet, we could manage to save superstrings as relevant around that 2D regime, while (mathematically) living in a tangent dual space.More recent results reinterpret the double copy duality and behavior of Yang Mills scattering to i) defined new AdS/CFT dualities, ii) encounter gravity as part of Yang Mills theory, iii) and encounter the multi-fold theory in both Yang Mills Actions, and in M-theory, through the AdS/CFT correspondence conjecture. Part of these previous works led us to announce that the AdS/CFT correspondence conjecture implies that General Relativity (GR) – based gravity is indeed asymptotically safe in a 4D spacetime. In the present paper, we detail such a non-perturbative derivation for GR-based gravity, and for GR-based gravity with. It does not require faith into evolution of time series, 2D processes, nor a priori multi-fold assumptions. In other words, the proof applies to Einstein gravity, in general, for conventional Physics, as well as for multi-fold universes.The paper also discusses considerations on why arguments, presented so far, against the asymptotic safety of gravity program would have been flawed, and, in particular, it shows how our proof is not affected by the Gribov ambiguity concerns, which does not apply to gravity + SM or SMG matter. Also supersymmetric matter are not asymptotically safe in 4D. Higher dimensions are also confirmed incompatible.

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Invalidation and Proof of the Mass Gap and Viability of The Standard Model on a Discrete Spacetime

Cited by 5 publications

References 78 publications

A Better Quantum Extremal Surface and Island Interpretation that Explains the Associated Massive Gravity

A Better Quantum Extremal Surface and Island Interpretation that Explains the Associated Massive Gravity

The Possibility of a Multi-fold Time-Varying Hubble Constant

A Non-perturbative Proof of the Asymptotic Safety of 4D Einstein Gravity, With or Without Matter

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