“…As discovered in [15] and further developed in [39,19,24], GLSM can be viewed as a deep generalization of the hyper-plane property of Gromov-Witten (GW) theory for arbitrary genus. However, comparing to GW theory, a major difference as well as a main difficulty of GLSM is the appearance of an extra torus action on the target, called the R-charge, which makes the moduli stacks in consideration for defining the GLSM virtual cycles non-proper in general.…”