Invasive Pneumococcal Disease in an Alaska Native Population, 1980 Through 1986

Davidson, Michael; Schraer, Cynthia D; Parkinson, Alan J.; Campbell, John F.; Facklam, Richard R.; Wainwright, Robert B.; Lanier, Anne P.; Heyward, William L.

doi:10.1001/jama.1989.03420050065040

Cited by 70 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…The incidence of IPD in Western Europe prior to PCV introduction in children under 2 years of age was 27.0 cases, 66 and in the US in children under 5 years of age was 96.4 cases per 100,000 persons. 1 This is, however, considerably lower than high risk populations such as Alaskan Natives and White Mountain Apache, where the IPD incidence rate for children under 2 years has been documented at 1,195 67 and 1,820 cases 68 per 100,000 persons, respectively. As the highest morbidity and mortality affects young children, we restricted our study to the under 5 age group, and noted that incidence rates in our data were highest in the first year of life.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Childhood pneumococcal disease in Africa – A systematic review and meta-analysis of incidence, serotype distribution, and antimicrobial susceptibility

Tam

Thielen

Obaro

et al. 2017

Vaccine

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Background Determining the incidence, disease-associated serotypes and antimicrobial susceptibility of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) among children in Africa is essential in order to monitor the impact of these infections prior to widespread introduction of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV). Methods To provide updated estimates of the incidence, serotype distribution, and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Streptococcus pneumoniae causing disease in Africa, we performed a systematic review of articles published from 2000–2015 using Ovid Medline and Embase. We included prospective and surveillance studies that applied predefined diagnostic criteria. Meta-analysis for all pooled analyses was based on random-effects models. Results We included 38 studies consisting of 386,880 participants in 21 countries over a total of 350,613 person-years. The pooled incidence of IPD was 62.6 (95% CI 16.9, 226.5) per 100,000 person-years, including meningitis which had a pooled incidence of 24.7 (95% CI 11.9, 51.6) per 100,000 person-years. The pooled prevalence of penicillin susceptibility was 78.1% (95% CI 61.9, 89.2). Cumulatively, PCV10 and PCV13 included 66.9% (95% CI 55.9, 76.7) and 80.6% (95% CI 66.3, 90.5) of IPD serotypes, respectively. Conclusions Our study provides an integrated and robust summary of incidence data, serotype distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility for S. pneumoniae in children ≤5 years of age in Africa prior to widespread introduction of PCV on the continent. The heterogeneity of studies and wide range of incidence rates across the continent indicate that surveillance efforts should be intensified in all regions of Africa to improve the integrity of epidemiologic data, vaccine impact and cost benefit. Although the incidence of IPD in young children in Africa is substantial, currently available conjugate vaccines are estimated to cover the majority of invasive disease-causing pneumococcal serotypes. These data provide a reliable baseline from which to monitor the impact of the broad introduction of PCV.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Childhood pneumococcal disease in Africa – A systematic review and meta-analysis of incidence, serotype distribution, and antimicrobial susceptibility

Tam

Thielen

Obaro

et al. 2017

Vaccine

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“…For decades, high rates of pneumococcal bacteremia have been reported in very young children (28,55,64). Prior to PCV7, in the United States, the annual incidence of pneumococcal bacteremia in children of Յ4 years of age was estimated to be 242 cases per 100,000 individuals, with approximately 72% of these cases occurring in infants younger than 12 months of age.…”

Section: Pneumococcal Bacteremiamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Prior to PCV7, in the United States, the annual incidence of pneumococcal bacteremia in children of Յ4 years of age was estimated to be 242 cases per 100,000 individuals, with approximately 72% of these cases occurring in infants younger than 12 months of age. The incidence of pneumococcal bacteremia has also been shown to vary geographically and among certain ethnic groups, with rates as high as 1,195 cases per 100,000 individuals in Native Alaskan children under 2 years of age (28,55).…”

Section: Pneumococcal Bacteremiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Pediatric Invasive Pneumococcal Disease in the United States in the Era of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines

2012

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SUMMARY Invasive infections caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae continue to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, especially in children under 5 years of age. In the United States, 90% of invasive pneumococcal infections in children are caused by 13 serotypes of S. pneumoniae . The licensure (in 2000) and subsequent widespread use of a heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) have had a significant impact on decreasing the incidence of serious invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in all age groups, especially in children under 2 years of age. However, the emergence of replacement non-PCV7 serotypes, especially serotype 19A, has resulted in an increase in the incidence of serious and invasive infections. In 2010, a 13-valent PCV was licensed in the United States. However, the impact that this vaccine will have on IPD remains to be seen. The objectives of this review are to discuss the epidemiology of serious and invasive pneumococcal infections in the United States in the PCV era and to review some of the pneumococcal vaccines that are in development.

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“…Alaska Native (AN) children suffer from high rates of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) compared to other children in Alaska and children in the general United States (US) population [1–4]. Nasopharyngeal colonization by Streptococcus pneumoniae is a prerequisite for IPD [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of the 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine on Nasopharyngeal Colonization by Streptococcus pneumoniae--Alaska, 2008-2012

Gounder

Bruce

Bruden

et al. 2013

Journal of Infectious Diseases

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Background In 2010, a 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) replaced a 7-valent vaccine (PCV7) that contained all PCV7 serotypes plus 6 additional serotypes (PCV6+). We conducted annual surveys from 2008–2012 to determine the effect of PCV13 on colonization by pneumococcal serotypes. Methods We obtained nasopharyngeal swabs for pneumococcal identification and serotyping from residents of all ages at 8 rural villages and children age <60 months at 2 urban clinics. We conducted interviews/medical records review for all participants. Results A total of 18,207 nasopharyngeal swabs (rural=16,098; urban=2,109) were collected. From 2008–2012, 84% of rural and 90% of urban children age <5 years were age-appropriately vaccinated with a PCV. Overall pneumococcal colonization prevalence remained stable among rural (66%) and urban (35%) children age <5 years, and adults age ≥18 years (14%). Colonization by PCV6+ serotypes declined significantly among rural children age <5 years, urban children age <5, and adults age ≥18 over the course of the study (25%–5%, 22%–9%, 22%–6%, respectively). Conclusions PCV13 was rapidly introduced into the Alaska childhood immunization schedule and reduced colonization by PCV6+ serotypes among children. Unvaccinated adults also experienced comparable reductions in vaccine serotype colonization indicating substantial indirect protection from PCV13.

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Invasive Pneumococcal Disease in an Alaska Native Population, 1980 Through 1986

Cited by 70 publications

References 19 publications

Childhood pneumococcal disease in Africa – A systematic review and meta-analysis of incidence, serotype distribution, and antimicrobial susceptibility

Childhood pneumococcal disease in Africa – A systematic review and meta-analysis of incidence, serotype distribution, and antimicrobial susceptibility

Pediatric Invasive Pneumococcal Disease in the United States in the Era of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines

Effect of the 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine on Nasopharyngeal Colonization by Streptococcus pneumoniae--Alaska, 2008-2012

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