Invasive pneumococcal disease in hospitalised children from Lima, Peru before and after introduction of the 7-valent conjugated vaccine

Abstract

The objective of this study was to determine the serotype distribution and antibiotic resistance of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) strains in children from Lima, Peru, before and after the introduction of the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7), which was introduced in the national immunisation program on 2009. We conducted a prospective, multicentre, passive surveillance IPD study during 2006–2008 and 2009–2011, before and right after the introduction of PCV7 in Peru. The study was performed in 11 hospitals and five private laboratories in Lima, Peru, in patients <18 years old, with sterile site cultures yielding Streptococcus pneumoniae. In total 159 S. pneumoniae isolates were recovered. There was a decrease in the incidence of IPD in children <2 years old after the introduction of PCV7 (18.4/100 000 vs. 5.1/100 000, P = 0.004). Meningitis cases decreased significantly in the second period (P = 0.036) as well as the overall case fatality rate (P = 0.025), including a decreased case fatality rate of pneumonia (16.3% to 0%, P = 0.04). PCV7 serotypes showed a downward trend. Vaccine-preventable serotypes caused 78.9% of IPD cases, mainly 14, 6B, 5, 19F and 23F. A non-significant increase in erythromycin resistance was reported. Our findings suggest that the introduction of PCV7 led to a significant decrease of IPD in children under 2 years old and in the overall case fatality rate.

Age and Location in Severity of COVID‐19 Pathology: Do Lactoferrin and Pneumococcal Vaccination Explain Low Infant Mortality and Regional Differences?

“…* [ 45 ] ; ^ [ 46 ] ; > [ 47 ] ; # estimated from accumulated yearly vaccinations. National Data Sources: Most data from World Health Organization (WHO), immunization, vaccines, and biologicals, https://www.who.int/immunization/monitoring_surveillance/data/en/; additional data for individual countries, especially for pneumococcal vaccination rates among adults and for influenza vaccination rates: Austria [ 48 ] ; Australia [ 49–51 ] ; Canada [ 52,53 ] ; France [ 54 ] ; Germany [ 55,56 ] ; Greece [ 57 ] ; Hong Kong [ 49,58 ] ; Ireland [ 59 ] ; Israel [ 60 ] ; Italy [ 19,61–63 ] ; Japan [ 64–68 ] ; Mexico [ 69 ] ; The Netherlands [ 70 ] ; Portugal [ 71 ] ; South Korea [ 72–76 ] ; Spain [ 19,42,43 ] ; Switzerland [ 77 ] ; United Kingdom [ 78 ] ; United States [ 79–84 ] ; Brazil [ 85–87 ] ; Chile [ 86,88 ] ; Peru [ 86,88–90 ] .…”

“…[ 42,43 ] Belgium similarly saw a reemergence of pneumonia deaths involving previously herd‐immunized strains of S. pneumoniae after switching from PCV13 to PCV7. [ 44 ] Most South American nations have also relied upon PCV7 or PCV10, [ 85–90 ] joining Italy, Spain, and Belgium in lacking the protection against COVID‐19 infection hypothesized here. All have seen unusually high COVID‐19 cases and deaths.…”

Increase of Macrolide-Resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae Strains After the Introduction of the 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine in Lima, Peru

“…A temporal evaluation of the increase in macrolide resistance was conducted using data collected in five periods. We analyzed isolates of S. pneumoniae from patients with IPD collected during the years 2006-2008 (IPD-1) ( Ochoa et al., 2010 ), 2009-2011 (IPD-2) ( Luna-Muschi et al., 2019 ), and 2016-2019 (IPD-3), and isolates from healthy children (Carriage studies) collected during the years 2007-2009 (Carriage-1) ( Mercado et al., 2012 ) and 2018-2019 (Carriage-2). The introduction of the PCV13 into the National Immunization Program in Peru (2015) was an important milestone in prevention of IPD.…”

“…The study population and case definition of patients with IPD from the pre-vaccine studies (IPD-1 and IPD-2) have been described by Luna-Muschi et al. (2019) .…”

Actividad antimicrobiana de metabolitos secundarios de Aspergillus fumigatus sensu stricto sobre cepas clínicas de Staphylococcus aureus y Streptococcus pneumoniae

“…Siguiendo las especificaciones del manual M100-A2 del Clinical & Laboratory ningitis o infecciones no meníngeas aún sobrepasan el 50% (49/56) (15) . El objetivo del presente estudio fue demostrar la capacidad antimicrobiana del extracto crudo de Aspergillus fumigatus sensu stricto, aislado de una muestra clínica correspondiente a un aspergiloma pulmonar, sobre cocos Gram positivos causantes de infecciones de alto impacto epidemiológico.…”