Invasive pneumococcal disease incidence in children and adults in France during the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine era: an interrupted time-series analysis of data from a 17-year national prospective surveillance study

Impact of Pneumococcal Vaccination in the Nasopharyngeal Carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Healthy Children of the Murcia Region in Spain

“…In 2015, the most prevalent serotypes in IPD in Spain were 24F, 23B, and 10A [7], thus supporting the data obtained at a regional level where the serotypes 23B and 10A are among the four most frequent. In our study, the serotype 24F was not found to be among the most frequent, in contrast to the recent data for IPD in France and Spain, which show that the serotype 24F is the most frequent in the pediatric population [6,7]. One possible explanation for this is that the serotype 24F is a serotype that is a transitory colonizer of the pediatric nasopharynx for a short time, which conversely has a high capacity to produce IPD, similar to serotype 8, and was not observed in our study or related to the increase in invasive diseases in adults.…”

“…The serotypes primarily involved in this change are 8, 9N, and 12F, which are very invasive despite being rarely detected in carriers, whilst the most frequent in NPC belong to the least invasive group [31]. An increase in the IPD rates was also observed in France [6] with a similar pattern that affected, among other age groups, those under the age of two. In Spain, a reduction of 88% in IPD cases has recently been notified in the pediatric population for the period 2009-2019 [29].…”

“…In children aged 2-5 years old, the incidence by PCV13 serotypes declined from 14.55 in 2009 to 1.93 in 2018-2019, which resulted in an 88% reduction in IPD. Other European countries who used a 2+1 schedule have observed serotype replacement by non-PCV13 serotypes [6][7][8][9]. Treating S. pneumoniae involves a high use of antibiotics, especially in children under 5 years, and many countries have an elevated incidence rate of resistance to more commonly used antibiotics [3].…”

Vaccination with LytA, LytC, or Pce of Streptococcus pneumoniae Protects against Sepsis by Inducing IgGs That Activate the Complement System

“…Characterization of pneumococcal proteins as vaccine antigens is necessary in the existing epidemiological context of IPD because they can offer cheaper and affordable alternatives of broad coverage without promoting the serotype replacement phenomena that is frequently observed after implementation of current prophylactic measures based in CPS vaccines [ 12 , 14 , 17 ]. In this study, we characterized three pneumococcal proteins such as LytA, LytC, and Pce that belong to the choline-binding protein family and are classified as cell wall hydrolases because they are endogenous enzymes that specifically cleave covalent bonds of the cell wall [ 48 ].…”

“…This increase was rapidly contained after the introduction of PCV13, compared to countries using the 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV10) where this particular serotype remained as an important cause of IPD [ 12 , 14 , 15 , 16 ]. Currently, after a decade of using PCV13, the emergence of non-vaccine serotypes is of great concern worldwide with many countries reporting the rise of non-PCV13 serotypes [ 12 , 14 , 17 , 18 ]. To solve this problem, the discovery of pneumococcal protein antigens that can confer protection against different serotypes is increasing in the last years and may contribute to a future cocktail of proteins to be incorporated in a future universal vaccine against this important human pathogen [ 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 ].…”