Invasive silver carp may compete with unionid mussels for algae: First experimental evidence

Abstract

Unionid mussels are imperilled throughout the US, where their global diversity is highest. Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix Valenciennes in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1844), an invasive planktivorous fish, has spread throughout Midwestern rivers and currently threatens the Great Lakes. Because silver carp remove plankton and other particles from the water column, they may compete with mussels for food resources. This would be among the first examples of a direct competitive interaction between fish and mussels. To examine the potential for competition, a 30 day tank experiment was performed with 2 year old fatmucket mussels (Lampsilis siliquoidea Barnes, 1823) and age‐1 silver carp in three treatments: fatmucket only, silver carp only and fatmucket + silver carp. All tanks were given a commercial algal‐based diet daily and dry mass of suspended particles (an estimate of available food) and NH4, NO3 and NO2 concentrations were quantified every 5 days to track food availability and changes in nutrients. Initial and final silver carp total length (mm) and mass (g), and fatmucket length (mm), height (mm) and surface area (cm2) were measured. Survival was 100% over the test duration for both species. Fatmucket grew less in the fatmucket + silver carp treatment, whereas silver carp growth was undetectable regardless of treatment. Fatmucket also exhibited increased movement in the presence of silver carp. Suspended particles did not differ among treatments. Dissolved nitrogen concentrations were higher in the silver carp treatments, suggesting that silver carp increase nutrient availability in aquatic systems. Overall, the slower growth rates observed in the fatmucket + silver carp treatment compared with the mussel‐only treatment suggest exploitative competition between invasive planktivorous silver carp and fatmucket, and this competition may contribute to additional stress on already imperilled mussels.

Analysis of per capita contributions from a spatial model provides strategies for controlling spread of invasive carp

“…In locations where Bighead Carp have invaded, they cause large‐scale ecological and economic damage (Hansen, 2010), especially when they reach high abundances, such as in parts of the Illinois River (e.g., Silver Carp [ H. nobilis ] and Bighead Carp combined up to 80% fish biomass; Coulter, MacNamara, et al, 2018). For example, native planktivores are negatively impacted by invasive Bighead Carps (Fritts et al, 2018; Tristano et al, 2019) and plankton assemblages are altered (e.g., Collins & Wahl, 2018). The Illinois Waterway has been a focal point for Bighead Carp management because this waterway connects the Mississippi River Basin to the valuable fisheries resources of the Laurentian Great Lakes via man‐made canal systems.…”

Taxonomic Diversity Not Associated with Gross Karyotype Differentiation: The Case of Bighead Carps, Genus Hypophthalmichthys (Teleostei, Cypriniformes, Xenocyprididae)

“…In their native range (from Amur R. in the north to the Red R. basin in Vietnam and Hainan Island in the south) and elsewhere in temperate regions in Eurasia, they are highly economically important fishes as objects of both lacustrine and riverine fishery and aquaculture [6]. However, bighead carps have been introduced and/or stocked into rivers and lakes outside their native range such as, e.g., in North America (see [7] and references therein), India [8], South Africa [9], and elsewhere in a number of countries [10], where they consequently became invasive aliens which degraded aquatic ecosystems, changing significantly the food webs (see, e.g., in [10][11][12][13][14]). Bighead carps have been and still are objects of intense investigation in various types of studies; for instance, search on 25 April 2020 shows 1155 records on Web of Science and ~19,200 records on Google Scholar when using the term 'Hypophthalmichthys'.…”