A low-carbon supply chain is generally a clean practice to achieve carbon peak and neutralization; it transforms supply chain management into a green economy, aiming to reduce energy consumption, reduce pollution and achieve sustainable development in all parts of the supply chain. However, there are few specific reviews of low-carbon supply chains to date. Therefore, this article provides a comprehensive analysis of the literature on low-carbon supply chains, explores the current knowledge system, evolution trend of topics, and future research directions, and enriches the green economy framework. A systematic analysis was conducted using bibliometric and content analysis. Up to 1,811 articles from 2003 to 2021 were selected, discussed, and analyzed. This study found that the low carbon supply chain is a growing research topic. Some influential authors, the geographical distribution of articles, and subject categories in this field were also identified. Next, five clusters, which are logistics management, carbon accounting, driving forces, sustainability management, and barriers, were defined using exhaustive content analysis. The evolution trend of significant topics, mainly including global value chain, additive manufacturing, deterioration, and decarbonization, was explored. Finally, we proposed a future research agenda for low-carbon supply chains and further deepened the green economy’s knowledge structure.