“…Typically, however, micro-mechanical parameter identification still relies on macroscopic measurements (of displacements and/or forces), that need to be linked to micro-mechanical properties using, e.g., computational homogenization (FE 2 ). This has been theoretically studied by Burczyński and Kuś (2009), Klinge (2012a,b), Klinge and Steinmann (2015), Schmidt et al (2015Schmidt et al ( , 2016, or Beluch and Hatlas (2017). Typically, virtual tests were employed, generating macroscopic measurements by forward evaluation of the multiscale model, assuming validity of (i) the multiscale model (i.e., the homogenization technique) used, and (ii) separation of scales.…”