Inverse association of a traditional Korean diet composed of a multigrain rice-containing meal with fruits and nuts with metabolic syndrome risk: The KoGES

Abstract

BackgroundHansik, a traditional Korean diet, may have a beneficial impact on metabolic syndrome (MetS) risk as dietary westernization increases its prevalence. We examined the hypothesis that adherence to the hansik diet may be inversely associated with the risk of MetS and its components and sought to understand the gender differences in 58,701 men and women aged over 40.Materials and methodsHansik was defined using 14 components from which the Korean dietary pattern index (Kdiet-index) was generated by summing their scores. Low-hansik intake was defined as the Kdiet-index with <8. MetS was categorized based on the 2005 revised NCEP-ATP III criteria modified for Asians.ResultsThe Kdiet-index score was negatively associated with the dietary inflammation index and showed that the high intake of a meal with multigrain rice, fruits, and their products, and nuts, and low intake of fried foods were inversely associated with MetS by 0.707, 0.864, 0.769, and 0.918 times, respectively, after adjusting for covariates. More women and participants with more educated and lower income belonged to the high-hansik group, and participants with high self-rated health scores consumed more hansik. All participants on a high-hansik diet were associated with a 0.87 time lower risk of MetS. Specifically, the association between hansik intake and MetS risk was not significant among men following stratification by gender. Body composition, including the body mass index, waist circumference, and fat mass, was inversely associated with hansik intake, while the skeletal muscle mass index was positively associated with the hansik intake in each gender and all participants. In all the participants in the high-hansik group, no significant changes were seen in the serum glucose and HDL concentration. However, a high-hansik intake showed lower blood pressure and serum LDL and triglyceride concentrations only in men and a higher glomerular filtration rate in both genders.ConclusionsHansik intake might improve MetS risk, with its primary beneficial effects on body composition, dyslipidemia, and blood pressure gender-dependently.

Inverse association of daily fermented soybean paste (“Jang”) intake with metabolic syndrome risk, especially body fat and hypertension, in men of a large hospital-based cohort

“…Hansik, a traditional Korean diet, is shown to be inversely associated with MetS risk ( 10 ). This nutritional benefit of Hansik is partly related to Jang intake.…”

“…Furthermore, potassium intake was found to be inversely associated with hypertension risk according to the data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2007–2012 ( 9 ). Sodium intake is higher in adults on a high-Hansik diet than those on a low-Hansik diet, yet a high-Hansik diet is inversely associated with MetS risk and diastolic blood pressure ( 10 ). Gender differences are also seen when examining the effect of diets on MetS risk ( 11 , 12 ).…”

A Positive Causal Relationship between Noodle Intake and Metabolic Syndrome: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study

“…These dietary patterns have been reported to have an inverse relationship with MetS risk [5]. The shift from a Korean-balanced diet to a Western-style diet (WSD) increases MetS incidence, and a WSD is positively associated with MetS risk [5]. However, Koreans have not consumed meat as much as people in Western countries (men: 96 g/day and women: 76 g/day), and meat intake does not differ between non-MetS and MetS groups in Korea [6,7].…”

“…These healthy dietary patterns include the Mediterranean diet, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH), and Korean-balanced diets [4]. These dietary patterns have been reported to have an inverse relationship with MetS risk [5]. The shift from a Korean-balanced diet to a Western-style diet (WSD) increases MetS incidence, and a WSD is positively associated with MetS risk [5].…”

Inverse Association of the Adequacy and Balance Scores in the Modified Healthy Eating Index with Type 2 Diabetes in Women

“…A traditional Korean balanced diet defined using a principal component analysis was observed to be inversely associated with a metabolic syndrome risk in the Health Examinees (HEXA) study in Korea [ 6 ]. A calcium- and vitamin C-rich diet characterized by the Korean Healthy Eating Index (KHEI) was also inversely associated with a metabolic syndrome (MetS) risk in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2013–2017 [ 7 ].…”