Investigating a replacement for malathion in bait sprays for fruit fly control in South African citrus orchards

Toxicities and Residual Effects of Toxic Baits Containing Spinosad or Malathion to Control the AdultAnastrepha fraterculus(Diptera: Tephritidae)

“…This level of mortality is equivalent to that obtained using the organophosphates fenthion and trichlorfon, both of which are unavailable on the Brazilian market. Toxicity similar to spinosad was also reported for C. capitata adults exposed to the organophosphates phosmet and malathion (Urbaneja et al 2009;Manrakhan et al 2013). In the present study, a few formulations of spinosad showed high levels of mortality over time.…”

“…Currently, the malathion, an organophosphate, is the principal insecticide used in toxic baits (Scoz et al 2004;Raga & Sato 2011). Spinosad, an insecticidal product derived from the fermentation of the soil bacterium Saccharopolyspora spinosa (Mertz and Yao), has been used in fruit fly control programs in several countries (Chueca et al 2007;Piñero et al 2011;Gazit et al 2013;Manrakhan et al 2013). In addition to its high efficiency on tephritids, spinosad has low toxicity to mammals and fish, and it has been reported to exert relatively minimal effects on beneficial insects (Tomas & Mangam 2005;Ruiz et al 2008;Mangan & Moreno 2009;Urbaneja et al 2009).…”

Comparative efficacy of classical and biorational insecticides on sugar beet weevil, Bothynoderes punctiventris Germar (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

“…It is widely used for the control of various lepidopteran pests, thrips and coleopteran pests [Colorado potato (Chueca et al 2007;Piñero et al 2011;Gazit et al 2013;Manrakhan et al 2013). It has also been tested against certain stored product insect pests (Athanassiou & Kavallieratos 2014) and against fleas [Ctenocephalides felis (Bouché)] and commonly found intestinal nematodes of dogs in Europe if applied in combination with milbemycin oxime (Hayes et al 2015).…”

Attract‐and‐kill systems efficiency against Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) and effects on non‐target insects in peach orchards

“…Several studies proved the efficiency of this technique under low and high pest densities against pests in the Lepidoptera (Mansour 2009;Kroschel and Zegarra 2013) and Tephritidae (Martinez-Ferrer et al 2010). Control with bait stations relies on a comprehensive understanding of the orientation behaviour and movement of adult flies with respect to oviposition and food resources (Miranda et al 2001) and also relies on an understanding of insecticide efficacy (Manrakhan et al 2013). The current study evaluates the use of two commercial bait station systems: the Ceranock and the AAL&K bait stations.…”