Investigating Biomarkers for COVID-19 Morbidity and Mortality

Abstract

Background and Objective: This retrospective study aims to disclose further early parameters of COVID-19 morbidity and mortality. Methods: Three hundred and eighty-two COVID-19 patients, recruited between March and April 2020, were divided into three groups according to their outcome: (1) hospital ward group (patients who entered the hospital wards and survived); (2) intensive care unit (ICU) group (patients who attended the ICU and survived); (3) the deceased group (patients admitted to ICU with a fatal outcome). We investigated routine laboratory parameters such as albumin, glycemia, hemoglobin amylase, lipase, AST, ALT, GGT, LDH, CK, MGB, TnT-hs, IL-6, ferritin, CRP, PCT, WBC, RBC, PLT, PT, INR, APTT, FBG, and D-dimer. Blood withdrawal was carried out at the beginning of the hospitalization period. Results: ANOVA and ROC data evidenced that the concomitant presence of alterations in albumin, lipase, AST, ALT, LDH, MGB, CK, IL-6, ferritin in women, CRP and D-dimer is an early sign of fatal outcomes. method: 382 COVID-19 patients, recruited between March and April 2020, were divided into three groups according to their outcome: (1) hospital ward group (patients who entered the hospital wards and survived); (2) intensive care unit (ICU) group (patients who attended the ICU and survived); (3) the deceased group (patients admitted to ICU with a fatal outcome). We investigated routine laboratory parameters such as albumin, glycemia, amylase, lipase, AST, ALT, GGT, LDH, CK, MGB, TnT-hs, IL-6, ferritin, CRP, PCT, WBC, PLT, PT, INR, APTT, FBG, and D-dimer. Blood withdrawal was carried out at the beginning of the hospitalization period. Conclusion: The present study confirms and extends the validity of routine laboratory biomarkers (i.e., lipase, AST, ALT, LDH, CK, IL-6, ferritin in women, CRP and D-dimer) as indicators of COVID-19 morbidity and mortality. Furthermore, the investigation suggests that both gross changes in albumin and MGB, markers of liver and heart damage, may early disclose COVID-19 fatal outcomes. result: ANOVA and ROC data evidenced that the concomitant presence of alterations in albumin, lipase, AST, ALT, LDH, MGB, CK, IL-6, ferritin in women, CRP and D-dimer is an early sign of fatal outcomes. other: -

Blood Count and Renal Functionality Assessments in the Emergency Section Disclose Morbidity and Mortality in Omicron COVID-19 Patients: A Retrospective Study

“…Nowadays, both people and scientific community alerts are lower, mainly because the mortality level has drastically reduced; nonetheless, every day, people still die from COVID-19 [ 15 ]. Alterations in the complete blood count are known to be present in patients with COVID-19 [ 48 , 49 ], but only relatively few studies investigated the possibility of identifying these alterations as prognostic factors.…”

Disclosing Morbidity and Mortality by Routine Blood Analyses of the Emergency Room in Omicron COVID-19 Patients. A Retrospective Study

“…Nowadays, both people and community alerts are lower, mainly because the mortality has drastically reduced; nonetheless, every day, people still die from COVID-19 [15]. Alterations in the complete blood count are known to be present in patients with COVID-19 [48,49], but relatively only a few studies investigated the possibility of identifying these alterations as prognostic factors…”

A Narrative Review of the Evaluation of Biomarkers in COVID-19 Patients Indicating the Course of the Disease

“…In COVID-19 patients, a D-dimer level equal to or greater than 2.0 µg/mL has been linked to increased mortality, meaning that monitoring D-dimer levels is of prognostic value and essential for appropriate patient management, with further value in identifying patients who may benefit from anticoagulation therapy. [28][29][30][31][32]…”

“…Studies of COVID-19 patients have often reported increased CRP levels, with slight elevations in the initial stages of the disease. 32 During this stage of the illness, CRP levels rise due to the increased activity of angiotensin II on the AT1 receptor, which occurs as a result of the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and ACE-2. 34 It has been suggested that CRP could be used to monitor disease course as the levels correlate with disease severity.…”

“…42,44 IL-6/TNF-a IL-6 and TNF-α are frequently used in the routine follow-up of COVID-19 patients, with studies reporting elevated levels in association with organ dysfunction, poor prognosis and increased mortality in severe COVID-19 patients. 11,32,35,42,45…”